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Here, we reviewed evidence from laboratory species and humans on sexually conditioned place, partner, and ejaculatory preferences in males and females, as well as the neurochemical, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms putatively responsible. From a comprehensive review of the available data, we concluded that opioid transmission at \u03bc opioid receptors forms the basis of sexual pleasure and reward, which then sensitizes dopamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin systems responsible for attention, arousal, and bonding, leading to cortical activation that creates awareness of attraction and desire. First experiences with sexual reward states follow a pattern of sexual imprinting, during which partner- and\/or object-related cues become crystallized by conditioning into idiosyncratic \u201ctypes\u201d that are found sexually attractive and arousing. These mechanisms tie reward and reproduction together, blending proximate and ultimate causality in the maintenance of variability within a species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T01:58:30Z","timestamp":1660183110000},"page":"8928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Behavioral, Neural, and Molecular Mechanisms of Conditioned Mate Preference: The Role of Opioids and First Experiences of Sexual Reward"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo R.","family":"Quintana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Filosof\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jur\u00eddicas, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1, Arica 1000007, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conall E.","family":"Mac Cionnaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B1R6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Pfaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Division of Sexual Neuroscience, Center for Sexual Health and Intervention, Czech National Institute of Mental Health, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00238.x","article-title":"A New Combination Treatment for Premature Ejaculation: A Sex Therapist\u2019s Perspective","volume":"3","author":"Perelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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