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Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), the principal receptors for the hormone aldosterone, play an important role in regulating renal sodium handling and blood pressure. Recent studies suggest that MRs also exist in tissues outside the kidney, including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, perivascular adipose tissue, and immune cells. Risk factors, including excessive salt intake\/salt sensitivity, hypertension, and obesity, can lead to the activation of vascular MRs to promote inflammation, oxidative stress, remodeling, and fibrosis, as well as cardiovascular stiffening and microcirculatory impairment. These pathophysiological changes are associated with a diminished ability of insulin to initiate appropriate intracellular signaling events, resulting in a reduced glucose uptake within the microcirculation and related vascular insulin resistance. Therefore, the pharmacological inhibition of MR activation provides a potential therapeutic option for improving vascular function, glucose uptake, and vascular insulin sensitivity. This review highlights recent experimental and clinical data that support the contribution of abnormal MR activation to the development of vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1660252505000},"page":"8954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation in Vascular Insulin Resistance and Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Aderonke E.","family":"Igbekele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Sowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0018-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanghong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R276","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00280.2020","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptors in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related disorders: From basic studies to clinical disease","volume":"320","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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