{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1787028481897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the protective and\/or pathological role of virus-specific T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of many studies. We investigated the anti-spike IgG levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in 125 donors (90 vaccinated with four different vaccine platforms, 16 individuals with a previous natural infection, and 19 not vaccinated donors who did not report previous SARS-CoV-2 infections). Our data show that anti-spike IgG titers were similar between naturally infected subjects and those vaccinated with adenoviral vector vaccines. Of note, all immunized donors produced memory CD4+ and\/or CD8+ T cells. A sustained polyfunctionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in all immunized donors was also demonstrated. Altogether, our data suggest that the natural infection produces an overall response like that induced by vaccination. Therefore, this detailed immunological evaluation may be relevant for other vaccine efforts especially for the monitoring of novel vaccines effective against emerging virus variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1660252505000},"page":"8982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 and Immunity: Natural Infection Compared with Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Vespa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Buca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0953-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"De Bellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9792-2225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Cicalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Del Boccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9315-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Khorooshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Lanuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00369-6","article-title":"Distinguishing Features of Current COVID-19 Vaccines: Knowns and Unknowns of Antigen Presentation and Modes of Action","volume":"6","author":"Heinz","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, T., Beardsley, J., Marais, B.J., Nguyen, T.A., and Fox, G.J. 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