{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:16:41Z","timestamp":1789402601318,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute","award":["121030200299-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121030200299-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 mostly affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and causes symptoms ranging from the common cold to pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chemokines are deeply involved in the chemoattraction, proliferation, and activation of immune cells within inflammation. It is crucial to consider that mutations within the virion can potentially affect the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection because disease severity and manifestation vary depending on the genetic variant. Our objective was to measure and assess the different concentrations of chemokines involved in COVID-19 caused by different variants of the virus. Methods. We used the blood plasma of patients infected with different variants of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., the ancestral Wuhan strain and the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. We measured the concentrations of 11 chemokines in the samples: CCL2\/MCP-1, CCL3\/MIP-1\u03b1, CCL4\/MIP-1\u03b2, CCL7\/MCP-3, CCL11\/Eotaxin, CCL22\/MDC, CXCL1\/GRO\u03b1, CXCL8\/IL-8, CXCL9\/MIG, CXCL10\/IP-10, and CX3CL1\/Fractalkine. Results. We noted a statistically significant elevation in the concentrations of CCL2\/MCP-1, CXCL8\/IL-8, and CXCL1\/IP-10 independently of the variant, and a drop in the CCL22\/MDC concentrations. Conclusions. The chemokine concentrations varied significantly depending on the viral variant, leading us to infer that mutations in viral proteins play a role in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T01:47:21Z","timestamp":1660528041000},"page":"9058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Comparative Study of the Plasma Chemokine Profile in COVID-19 Patients Infected with Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoia R.","family":"Korobova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, 6-8 Ulitsa L\u2019va Tolstovo, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Arsentieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia E.","family":"Liubimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir G.","family":"Dedkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S.","family":"Gladkikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena A.","family":"Sharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina I.","family":"Chernykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital 122 of the North-Western Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L.G. Sokolov, Prospekt Kul\u2019tury, 4, 194291 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A.","family":"Kashchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital 122 of the North-Western Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L.G. Sokolov, Prospekt Kul\u2019tury, 4, 194291 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Faculty Surgery, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, 7\/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyacheslav A.","family":"Ratnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital 122 of the North-Western Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L.G. Sokolov, Prospekt Kul\u2019tury, 4, 194291 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute of Influenza, Ulitsa Professora Popova, 16\/17, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor P.","family":"Gorelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital 122 of the North-Western Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L.G. Sokolov, Prospekt Kul\u2019tury, 4, 194291 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana V.","family":"Stanevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, 6-8 Ulitsa L\u2019va Tolstovo, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute of Influenza, Ulitsa Professora Popova, 16\/17, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr N.","family":"Kulikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, 6-8 Ulitsa L\u2019va Tolstovo, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy E.","family":"Pevtsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, 6-8 Ulitsa L\u2019va Tolstovo, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areg A.","family":"Totolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, 6-8 Ulitsa L\u2019va Tolstovo, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 and host entry factors distribution in a COVID-19 autopsy series","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. 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