{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:47:01Z","timestamp":1790135221720,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d"},{"name":"University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many authors described negative but reversible effects of high-altitude hypoxic exposure on animal and human fertility in terms of sperm concentration, function, and biochemical alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of high-altitude exposure on classical sperm parameters, redox status, and membrane composition in a group of travellers. Five healthy Italian males, all lowlanders not accustomed to the altitude, were evaluated after 19 days-trekking through low, moderate, and high altitudes in the Himalayas. Sperm samples were collected before (Pre), 10 days after (Post), and 70 days after the end of the expedition (Follow-up). Sperm concentration, cholesterol and oxysterol membrane content, and redox status were measured. Hypoxic trek led to a significant reduction in sperm concentration (p &lt; 0.001, \u03b72p = 0.91), with a reduction from Pre to Post (71.33 \u00b1 38.81 to 60.65 \u00b1 34.63 \u00d7 106\/mL) and a further reduction at Follow-up (to 37.13 \u00b1 39.17 \u00d7 106\/mL). The seminal volume was significantly affected by the hypoxic trek (p = 0.001, \u03b72p = 0.75) with a significant reduction from Pre to Post (2.86 \u00b1 0.75 to 1.68 \u00b1 0.49 mL) and with partial recovery at Follow-up (to 2.46 \u00b1 0.45 mL). Moreover, subjects had an increase in ROS production (+86%), and a decrease in antioxidant capacity (\u221237%) in the Post period with partial recovery at Follow-up. These results integrated the hormonal response on thyroid function, hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis, and the prolactin\/cortisol pathways previously reported. An uncontrolled ROS production, rather than a compromised antioxidant activity, was likely the cause of impaired sperm quality. The reduction in fertility status observed in this study may lie in an evolutionary Darwinian explanation, i.e., limiting reproduction due to the \u201cadaptive disadvantage\u201d offered by the combined stressors of high-altitude hypoxia and daily physical exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T01:47:21Z","timestamp":1660528041000},"page":"9066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fertility Impairment after Trekking at High Altitude: A Proof of Mechanisms on Redox and Metabolic Seminal Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittore","family":"Verratti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mrakic-Sposta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Fusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Sabovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2132-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Franzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7507-1255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Pietrangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1911-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Bondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dall\u2019Acqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Scarf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1073-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camillo","family":"Di Giulio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. 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