{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:18:48Z","timestamp":1772504328645,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2020R1A2C2009496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C2009496"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is characterized by high-flow blood vessels connecting arteries and veins without capillaries. This disease shows increased angiogenesis and a pathophysiological hypoxic environment in proximal tissues. Here, we analyzed the effects of hypoxia on angiogenesis in the endothelial cells (ECs) of AVM and normal tissues. ECs from human normal and AVM tissues were evaluated using immunocytochemistry with CD31. In vitro tube formation under hypoxia was tested in both ECs using Matrigel. The relative expression of angiogenesis-related genes was measured using real-time PCR. Under normoxia, CD31 was significantly higher in AVM ECs (79.23 \u00b1 0.65%) than in normal ECs (74.15 \u00b1 0.70%). Similar results were observed under hypoxia in AVM ECs (63.85 \u00b1 1.84%) and normal ECs (60.52 \u00b1 0.51%). In the tube formation test under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, the junction count and total vessel length were significantly greater in AVM ECs than normal ECs. Under both normoxia and hypoxia, the angiogenesis-related gene FSTL1 showed a significantly higher expression in AVM ECs than in normal ECs. Under hypoxia, CSPG4 expression was significantly lower in AVM ECs than in normal ECs. Accordingly, the angiogenic effect was increased in AVM ECs compared with that in normal ECs. These results provide a basic knowledge for an AVM treatment strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T01:47:21Z","timestamp":1660528041000},"page":"9109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hypoxia Promotes Angiogenic Effect in Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformation Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Joon Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Geun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Yeop","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Jung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suin","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Science for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seok-Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Yub","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Yun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Science for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2019.100629","article-title":"Practical genetic and biologic therapeutic considerations in vascular anomalies","volume":"22","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech. 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