{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:59:47Z","timestamp":1790740787106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Altered proteoglycan (PG) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) distribution within the aortic wall has been implicated in thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). This review was conducted to identify literature reporting the presence, distribution and role of PGs and GAGs in the normal aorta and differences associated with sporadic TAAD to address the question; is there enough evidence to establish the role of GAGs\/PGs in TAAD? 75 studies were included, divided into normal aorta (n = 51) and TAAD (n = 24). There is contradictory data regarding changes in GAGs upon ageing; most studies reported an increase in GAG sub-types, often followed by a decrease upon further ageing. Fourteen studies reported changes in PG\/GAG or associated degradation enzyme levels in TAAD, with most increased in disease tissue or serum. We conclude that despite being present at relatively low abundance in the aortic wall, PGs and GAGs play an important role in extracellular matrix maintenance, with differences observed upon ageing and in association with TAAD. However, there is currently insufficient information to establish a cause-effect relationship with an underlying mechanistic understanding of these changes requiring further investigation. Increased PG presence in serum associated with aortic disease highlights the future potential of these biomolecules as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T23:44:25Z","timestamp":1660693465000},"page":"9200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Is There Enough Evidence to Support the Role of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection?\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8623-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratik","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah A.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riaz","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Madine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-3389-4","article-title":"Regulation of glycosaminoglycan structure and atherogenesis","volume":"61","author":"Ballinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. 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