{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:20:34Z","timestamp":1790850034451,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of La R\u00e9union","award":["CPER-FEDER, GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583 VIROPAM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER-FEDER, GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583 VIROPAM"]}]},{"name":"University of La R\u00e9union","award":["CPER-FEDER 20192211-0022768, EPIGEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER-FEDER 20192211-0022768, EPIGEN"]}]},{"name":"European funding","award":["CPER-FEDER, GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583 VIROPAM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER-FEDER, GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583 VIROPAM"]}]},{"name":"European funding","award":["CPER-FEDER 20192211-0022768, EPIGEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER-FEDER 20192211-0022768, EPIGEN"]}]},{"name":"Regional Council of La R\u00e9union, French State and Europe","award":["CPER-FEDER, GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583 VIROPAM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER-FEDER, GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583 VIROPAM"]}]},{"name":"Regional Council of La R\u00e9union, French State and Europe","award":["CPER-FEDER 20192211-0022768, EPIGEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER-FEDER 20192211-0022768, EPIGEN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of sepsis and septic shock remains a major public health issue due to the associated morbidity and mortality. Despite an improvement in the understanding of the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying its genesis and a growing number of studies exploring an even higher range of targeted therapies, no significant clinical progress has emerged in the past decade. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear more and more as an attractive approach for cell therapy both in experimental and clinical models. Pre-clinical data suggest a cornerstone role of these cells and their secretome in the control of the host immune response. Host-derived factors released from infected cells (i.e., alarmins, HMGB1, ATP, DNA) as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., LPS, peptidoglycans) can activate MSCs located in the parenchyma and around vessels to upregulate the expression of cytokines\/chemokines and growth factors that influence, respectively, immune cell recruitment and stem cell mobilization. However, the way in which MSCs exert their beneficial effects in terms of survival and control of inflammation in septic states remains unclear. This review presents the interactions identified between MSCs and mediators of immunity and tissue repair in sepsis. We also propose paradigms related to the plausible roles of MSCs in the process of sepsis and septic shock. Finally, we offer a presentation of experimental and clinical studies and open the way to innovative avenues of research involving MSCs from a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic point of view in sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T21:23:56Z","timestamp":1660771436000},"page":"9274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Pathophysiology of Sepsis and Genesis of Septic Shock: The Critical Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Daniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine d\u2019Urgences-SAMU-SMUR, CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosra","family":"Bedoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Immunologie Clinique et Exp\u00e9rimentale Oc\u00e9an Indien LICE-OI, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Vagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Interne, CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4518-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Raffray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Interne, CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6270-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Ah-Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU de la R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9r\u00e9nice","family":"Doray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1837-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Gasque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Universit\u00e9 et CHU de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Immunologie Clinique et Exp\u00e9rimentale Oc\u00e9an Indien LICE-OI, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","article-title":"Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199206000-00025","article-title":"American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies in Sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Muckart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. 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