{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:25:09Z","timestamp":1780496709045,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LLC \u201cSuperGene\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lung injury (ALI) as a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by inflammation, complex coagulation, and hematologic abnormalities which result in the formation of fibrin-platelet microthrombi in the pulmonary vessels with the rapid development of progressive respiratory dysfunction. We hypothesize that a nebulized fibrinolytic agent, non-immunogenic staphylokinase (nSta), may be useful for ALI therapy. First, the effect of the nebulized nSta (0.2 mg\/kg, 1.0 mg\/kg, or 2.0 mg\/kg) on the coagulogram parameters was studied in healthy rats. ALI was induced in mice by nebulized administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 10 mg\/kg. nSta (0.2 mg\/kg, 0.4 mg\/kg or 0.6 mg\/kg) was nebulized 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after LPS administration. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined in the blood on the 8th day after LPS and nSta administration. The assessment of lung damage was based on their weighing and microscopic analysis. Fibrin\/fibrinogen deposition in the lungs was determined by immunohistochemistry. After nSta nebulization in healthy rats, the fibrinogen blood level as well as activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time did not change. In the nebulized ALI model, the mice showed an increase in lung weight due to their edema and rising fibrin deposition. An imbalance of proinflammatory cytokines was also found. Forty percent of mice with ALI without nSta nebulization had died. Nebulized nSta at a dose of 0.2 mg\/kg reduced the severity of ALI: a decrease in interstitial edema and inflammatory infiltration was noted. At a dose of 0.4 mg\/kg of nebulized nSta, the animals showed no peribronchial edema and the bronchi had an open clear lumen. At a dose of 0.6 mg\/kg of nebulized nSta, the manifestations of ALI were completely eliminated. A significant dose-dependent reduction of the fibrin-positive areas in the lungs of mice with ALI was established. Nebulized nSta had a normalizing effect on the proinflammatory cytokines in blood\u2014 interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1, IL-17A, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These data showed the effectiveness of nebulized nSta and the perspectives of its clinical usage in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"9307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nebulized Non-Immunogenic Staphylokinase in the Mice Acute Lung Injury Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sergey S.","family":"Markin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Drug Research and Production Zone, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"LLC \u201cSuperGene\u201d, 119270 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman D.","family":"Lapshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga S.","family":"Baskina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana A.","family":"Korotchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8811-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Mukhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei V.","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC \u201cSuperGene\u201d, 119270 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail P.","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC \u201cSuperGene\u201d, 119270 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerii V.","family":"Beregovykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Drug Research and Production Zone, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0438-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey M.","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC \u201cSuperGene\u201d, 119270 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2039954","article-title":"COVID-19-related end stage lung disease: Two distinct phenotypes","volume":"54","author":"Kostopanagiotou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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