{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T02:14:49Z","timestamp":1783736089165,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salivary gland tumors represent a serious medical problem and new tools for differential diagnosis and patient monitoring are needed. Here, we present data and discuss the potential of molecular chaperones as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, focusing on Hsp10 and Hsp90. The salivary glands are key physiological elements but, unfortunately, the information and the means available for the management of their pathologies, including cancer, are scarce. Progress in the study of carcinogenesis has occurred on various fronts lately, one of which has been the identification of the chaperone system (CS) as a physiological system with presence in all cells and tissues (including the salivary glands) that plays a role in tumor-cell biology. The chief components of the CS are the molecular chaperones, some of which belong to families of evolutionarily related molecules named heat shock protein (Hsp). We are quantifying and mapping these molecular chaperones in salivary glands to determine their possible role in the carcinogenetic mechanisms in these glands and to assess their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Here, we report recent findings on Hsp10 and Hsp90 and show that the quantitative and topographic patterns of tissue Hsp90 are distinctive of malignant tumors and differentiate benign from malignant lesions. The Hsp90 results show a correlation between quantity of chaperone and tumor progression, which in turn calls for negative chaperonotherapy, namely, elimination\/inhibition of the chaperone to stop the tumor. We found that in vitro, the Hsp90 inhibitor Ganetespib is cytotoxic for the salivary gland UM-HACC-2A cell line. The drug, by interfering with the pro-survival NF-\u03baB pathway, hampers cellular proliferation and migration, and favors apoptosis, and can, therefore, be considered a suitable candidate for future experimentation to develop a treatment for salivary gland tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"9317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Chaperone System in Salivary Glands: Hsp90 Prospects for Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Charbel A.","family":"Basset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6610-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada Maria","family":"Florena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Porcasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everly","family":"Conway de Macario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto J. L.","family":"Macario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-017-0795-0","article-title":"Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Tumors of the Salivary Gland","volume":"11","author":"Seethala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.2880120311","article-title":"Salivary gland cancer and risk of subsequent skin cancer","volume":"12","author":"Spitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1177\/014556131709600319","article-title":"The Rising Incidence of Major Salivary Gland Cancer in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Megwalu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Young, A., and Okuyemi, O.T. 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