{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T23:37:17Z","timestamp":1772494637431,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIH NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM131124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM131124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIH NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32GM008450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32GM008450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIH NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42ES031007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42ES031007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIH NIGMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES010126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES010126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIH NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM131124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM131124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIH NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32GM008450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32GM008450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIH NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42ES031007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42ES031007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIH NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES010126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES010126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burn patients are subject to significant acute immune and metabolic dysfunction. Concomitant inhalation injury increases mortality by 20%. In order to identify specific immune and metabolic signaling pathways in burn (B), inhalation (I), and combined burn-inhalation (BI) injury, unbiased nanoString multiplex technology was used to investigate gene expression within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from burn patients, with and without inhalation injury. PBMCs were collected from 36 injured patients and 12 healthy, non-burned controls within 72 h of injury. mRNA was isolated and hybridized with probes for 1342 genes related to general immunology and cellular metabolism. From these specific gene patterns, specific cellular perturbations and signaling pathways were inferred using robust bioinformatic tools. In both B and BI injuries, elements of mTOR, PPAR\u03b3, TLR, and NF-kB signaling pathways were significantly altered within PBMC after injury compared to PBMC from the healthy control group. Using linear regression modeling, (1) DEPTOR, LAMTOR5, PPAR\u03b3, and RPTOR significantly correlated with patient BMI; (2) RPTOR significantly correlated with patient length of stay, and (3) MRC1 significantly correlated with the eventual risk of patient mortality. Identification of mediators of this immunometabolic response that can act as biomarkers and\/or therapeutic targets could ultimately aid the management of burn patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T22:23:13Z","timestamp":1661120593000},"page":"9418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multiplexed Human Gene Expression Analysis Reveals a Central Role of the TLR\/mTOR\/PPAR\u03b3 and NFkB Axes in Burn and Inhalation Injury-Induced Changes in Systemic Immunometabolism and Long-Term Patient Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cressida","family":"Mahung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Department of Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Wallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan E.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Department of Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Y.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Department of Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"},{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 8031 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-4188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Maile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, Department of Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 8031 Burnett Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2009.05.007","article-title":"An historical perspective on advances in burn care over the past 100 years","volume":"36","author":"Pruitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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