{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:46:09Z","timestamp":1785246369887,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2314-B-038-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-038-001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2811-E-038-500-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-E-038-500-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2314-B-305-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-305-001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2314-B-305-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-305-001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2221-E-305-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-305-001-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2221-E-038-005-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-038-005-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2221-E-038-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-038-013"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2314-B-038-133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-038-133"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2314-B-038-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-038-005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2221-E-038-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2221-E-038-009"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["109-2314-B-038-132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-038-132"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-03"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["110-2314-B-038-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-038-001"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["110-2811-E-038-500-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-E-038-500-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["110-2314-B-305-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-305-001"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-2314-B-305-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-305-001"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-2221-E-305-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-305-001-MY2"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-2221-E-038-005-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-038-005-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-2221-E-038-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-038-013"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-2314-B-038-133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-038-133"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["110-2314-B-038-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-038-005"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["110-2221-E-038-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2221-E-038-009"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-2314-B-038-132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-038-132"]}]},{"name":"the University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paired stimulation of the brain and spinal cord can remodel the central nervous tissue circuitry in an animal model to induce motor neuroplasticity. The effects of simultaneous stimulation vary according to the extent and severity of spinal cord injury. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the significant effects on an incomplete SCI rat brain and spinal cord through 3 min and 20 min stimulations after 4 weeks of intervention. Thirty-three Sprague Dawley rats were classified into six groups: (1) normal, (2) sham, (3) iTBS\/tsDCS, (4) iTBS\/ts-iTBS, (5) rTMS\/tsDCS, and (6) rTMS\/ts-iTBS. Paired stimulation of the brain cortex and spinal cord thoracic (T10) level was applied simultaneously for 3\u201320 min. The motor evoked potential (MEP) and Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores were recorded after every week of intervention for four weeks along with wheel training for 20 min. Three-minute stimulation with the iTBS\/tsDCS intervention induced a significant (p &lt; 0.050 *) increase in MEP after week 2 and week 4 treatments, while 3 min iTBS\/ts-iTBS significantly improved MEP (p &lt; 0.050 *) only after the week 3 intervention. The 20 min rTMS\/ts-iTBS intervention showed a significant change only in post_5 min after week 4. The BBB score also changed significantly in all groups except for the 20 min rTMS\/tsDCS intervention. iTBS\/tsDCS and rTMS\/ts-iTBS interventions induce neuroplasticity in an incomplete SCI animal model by significantly changing electrophysiological (MEP) and locomotion (BBB) outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T22:23:13Z","timestamp":1661120593000},"page":"9447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Motor Neuroplastic Effects of a Novel Paired Stimulation Technology in an Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Adeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bor-Shing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Hung","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Chiun","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing P.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.08.003","article-title":"Autonomic function following cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"169","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0001","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: Overview of experimental approaches used to restore locomotor activity","volume":"26","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1848","article-title":"Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury: A nugget of this multiply cascade","volume":"71","author":"Oyinbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.097","article-title":"Targeted therapies using electrical and magnetic neural stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain in spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Morse","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.017","article-title":"Changing Demographics and Injury Profile of New Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in the United States, 1972\u20132014","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.065","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) responses elicited in hindlimb muscles as an assessment of synaptic plasticity in spino-muscular circuitry after chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"642","author":"Petrosyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr093","article-title":"Disability, atrophy and cortical reorganization following spinal cord injury","volume":"134","author":"Freund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain A J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm237","article-title":"Cortical sensory map rearrangement after spinal cord injury: fMRI responses linked to Nogo signalling","volume":"130","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain A J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn072","article-title":"Anatomical changes in human motor cortex and motor pathways following complete thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Wrigley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10989","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5110-13.2014","article-title":"Spinal cord injury causes brain inflammation associated with cognitive and affective changes: Role of cell cycle pathways","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.29420","article-title":"Isolated spinal cord contusion in rats induces chronic brain neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment. Involvement of cell cycle activation","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70146-7","article-title":"MRI investigation of the sensorimotor cortex and the corticospinal tract after acute spinal cord injury: A prospective longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"Freund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24508","article-title":"Tracking sensory system atrophy and outcome prediction in spinal cord injury","volume":"78","author":"Grabher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18534","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18534","article-title":"Association of pain and CNS structural changes after spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Jutzeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21664","article-title":"Retrograde Wallerian degeneration of cranial corticospinal tracts in cervical spinal cord injury patients using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"86","author":"Guleria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.12.006","article-title":"Non-invasive induction of plasticity in the human cortex: Uses and limitations","volume":"58","author":"Vallence","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex; A J. Devoted Study Nerv. Syst. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"00097-3","article-title":"Effects of paired stimulation with specific waveforms on cortical and spinal plasticity in subjects with a chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Adeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3441-15.2016","article-title":"Competition with Primary Sensory Afferents Drives Remodeling of Corticospinal Axons in Mature Spinal Motor Circuits","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chari, A., Hentall, I.D., Papadopoulos, M.C., and Pereira, E.A. (2017). Surgical neurostimulation for spinal cord injury. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7020018"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014\u20132018)","volume":"131","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.10898.2011","article-title":"Modulation of soleus H reflex by spinal DC stimulation in humans","volume":"108","author":"Lamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2144-2","article-title":"Short-term adaptations in spinal cord circuits evoked by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Possible underlying mechanisms","volume":"162","author":"Perez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112040-00048","article-title":"Modulation of spinal cord excitability by subthreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in humans","volume":"12","author":"Oliveri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.007","article-title":"Plasticity induced by non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation: A position paper","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.01.021","article-title":"The after-effect of human theta burst stimulation is NMDA receptor dependent","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","article-title":"Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.016","article-title":"The theoretical model of theta burst form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.249","article-title":"Effect of spinal transcutaneous direct current stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans","volume":"119","author":"Cogiamanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.041","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation inhibits the lower limb nociceptive flexion reflex in human beings","volume":"152","author":"Cogiamanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14531","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14531","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation increases corticospinal transmission and enhances voluntary motor output in humans","volume":"8","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"266","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Lessons about Neuroplasticity from Paired Associative Stimulation","volume":"26","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. A Rev. J. Bringing Neurobiol. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00901-8","article-title":"Transcranial electrostimulation with special waveforms enhances upper-limb motor function in patients with chronic stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albuquerque, P.L., Camp\u00ealo, M., Mendon\u00e7a, T., Fontes, L.A.M., Brito, R.M., and Monte-Silva, K. (2018). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and trans-spinal direct current stimulation associated with treadmill exercise in spinal cord and cortical excitability of healthy subjects: A triple-blind, randomized and sham-controlled study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195276"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00259.2016","article-title":"Paired associative transspinal and transcortical stimulation produces plasticity in human cortical and spinal neuronal circuits","volume":"116","author":"Dixon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeel, M., Chen, C.-C., Lin, B.-S., Chen, H.-C., Liou, J.-C., Li, Y.-T., and Peng, C.-W. (2022). Safety of Special Waveform of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (TES): In Vivo Assessment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126850"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2908674","article-title":"Designing and implementing a novel transcranial electrostimulation system for neuroplastic applications: A preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht421","article-title":"Functional dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra are required for transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marufa, S.A., Hsieh, T.-H., Liou, J.-C., Chen, H.-Y., and Peng, C.-W. (2021). Neuromodulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neural plasticity and motor functions in rats with an incomplete spinal cord injury: A preliminary study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252965"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6953","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274663","article-title":"Paired motor cortex and cervical epidural electrical stimulation timed to converge in the spinal cord promotes lasting increases in motor responses","volume":"595","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b7e6b","article-title":"Clip compression model is useful for thoracic spinal cord injuries: Histologic and functional correlates","volume":"32","author":"Poon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.09.008","article-title":"Lateralization of forelimb motor evoked potentials by transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats","volume":"121","author":"Rotenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.07.027","article-title":"Antinociception induced by epidural motor cortex stimulation in naive conscious rats is mediated by the opioid system","volume":"196","author":"Fonoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1356-2","article-title":"High- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation differentially activates c-Fos and zif268 protein expression in the rat brain","volume":"188","author":"Trippe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E126","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002279","article-title":"Further Standardization in the Aneurysm Clip: The Effects of Occlusal Depth on the Outcome of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"43","author":"Rong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.48.4.385","article-title":"Rat models of traumatic spinal cord injury to assess motor recovery","volume":"48","author":"Onifer","year":"2007","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0098","article-title":"Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection","volume":"139","author":"Basso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/16\/9447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:13:11Z","timestamp":1760141591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/16\/9447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23169447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23169447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]}}}