{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:26:50Z","timestamp":1770816410000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030)","award":["\u041c\u041a-3571.2021.1.4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041c\u041a-3571.2021.1.4"]}]},{"name":"Russian President","award":["\u041c\u041a-3571.2021.1.4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u041c\u041a-3571.2021.1.4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cancer patients are prescribed antibiotics, such as macrolides and lactamides, for infection treatment. However, the effect of these antibiotics on NLRP3 activation remains largely unknown. Method: Lung cancer (A549) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines were primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate NLRP3 transcription. Cells were then treated with azithromycin (Az) or ceftriaxone (Cf). NLRP3 activation was analyzed by qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Cell growth and viability were assessed by real-time cell analysis and Annexin V expression. Levels of 41 cytokines were also analyzed using a multiplex assay. Results: LPS-Az activated transcription of NLRP3, Pro-CASP-1, and Pro-IL-1\u03b2 in A549 cells, while failing to upregulate NLRP3 and Pro-IL-1\u03b2 in PC3 cells. LPS-Az decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines while it induced the pro-angiogenic factors in A549 and PC3 cells. In contrast, LPS-Cf suppressed the expression of NLRP3-associated genes, NLRP3 protein expression, the inflammatory cytokine secretion in A549 and PC3 cells. LPS-Az and LPS-Cf had a limited effect on cell growth and viability. Discussion: Our data suggest that Cf could suppress LPS induced NLRP3, which should be considered when selecting antibiotics for cancer treatment. In contrast, the effect of Az on LPS primed NLRP3 and the inflammatory cytokines production appears to depend on the cancer cell origin. Therefore, these data indicate that considerations are required when selecting Az for the treatment of cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T21:30:34Z","timestamp":1661203834000},"page":"9484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone Differentially Activate NLRP3 in LPS Primed Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulcin","family":"Tezcan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alsaadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5012-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina E.","family":"Garanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina V.","family":"Martynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulshat R.","family":"Ziganshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina R.","family":"Farukshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9427-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert A.","family":"Rizvanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana F.","family":"Khaiboullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01444","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Cancer: A Double-Edged Sword","volume":"11","author":"Hamarsheh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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