{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:45:58Z","timestamp":1788925558419,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K08866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K08866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinflammation, where inflammatory cytokines are produced in excess, contributes to the pathogenesis of delirium. Microglial cells play a central role in neuroinflammation by producing and releasing inflammatory cytokines in response to infection, tissue damage and neurodegeneration. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a sedative, which reduces the incidence of delirium. Thus, we hypothesized that DEX may alleviate delirium by exhibiting anti-inflammatory action on microglia. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory action of DEX on human microglial HMC3 cells. The results indicated that DEX partially suppressed the IL-6 and IL-8 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HMC3 cells as well as the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and I\u03baB and the translocation of NF-\u03baB. Furthermore, DEX substantially suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 production by unstimulated HMC3 cells as wells as the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and I\u03baB and the translocation of NF-\u03baB. These observations suggest that DEX exhibits anti-inflammatory action on not only LPS-stimulated but also unstimulated microglial cells via the suppression of inflammatory signaling and cytokine production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T05:17:23Z","timestamp":1662441443000},"page":"10096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Action of Dexmedetomidine on Human Microglial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sho","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, 3-3-20 Shinsuna, Koto-Ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimasa","family":"Someya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, 6-8-1 Hinode, Urayasu 279-0013, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Hayashida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.11.013","article-title":"Cytokines and acute phase response in delirium","volume":"62","author":"Korevaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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