{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:22:10Z","timestamp":1790673730001,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological material is one of the most important aspects that allow for the correct diagnosis of the disease, and tears are an interesting subject of research because of the simplicity of collection, as the well as the relation to the components similar to other body fluids. In this review, biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) in tears are investigated and analyzed. Records were obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases in a timeline of 2015\u20132022. The keywords were: tear film\/tear biochemistry\/tear biomarkers + diseases (AD, PD, or MS). The recent original studies were analyzed, discussed, and biomarkers present in tears that can be used for the diagnosis and management of AD, PD, and MS diseases were shown. \u03b1-synTotal and \u03b1-synOligo, lactoferrin, norepinephrine, adrenaline, epinephrine, dopamine, \u03b1-2-macroglobulin, proteins involved in immune response, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, apolipoprotein superfamily, and others were shown to be biomarkers in PD. For AD as potential biomarkers, there are: lipocalin-1, lysozyme-C, and lacritin, amyloid proteins, t-Tau, p-Tau; for MS there are: oligoclonal bands, lipids containing choline, free carnitine, acylcarnitines, and some amino acids. Information systematized in this review provides interesting data and new insight to help improve clinical outcomes for patients with neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T05:17:23Z","timestamp":1662441443000},"page":"10123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Tear Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases, and Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Diagnosis (Systematic Review)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0164-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Kr\u00f3l-Grzyma\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Sienkiewicz-Sz\u0142apka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6105-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8662-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Rozmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, 61-553 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.11.002","article-title":"Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Material","volume":"63","author":"Chojnowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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