{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:23:47Z","timestamp":1784953427331,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Insidious and progressive, this disorder is secondary to the gradual loss of dopaminergic signaling and worsening neuroinflammation, affecting patients\u2019 motor capabilities. Gold standard treatment includes exogenous dopamine therapy in the form of levodopa\u2013carbidopa, or surgical intervention with a deep brain stimulator to the subcortical basal ganglia. Unfortunately, these therapies may ironically exacerbate the already pro-inflammatory environment. An alternative approach may involve cell-based therapies. Cell-based therapies, whether endogenous or exogenous, often have anti-inflammatory properties. Alternative strategies, such as exercise and diet modifications, also appear to play a significant role in facilitating endogenous and exogenous stem cells to induce an anti-inflammatory response, and thus are of unique interest to neuroinflammatory conditions including Parkinson\u2019s disease. Treating patients with current gold standard therapeutics and adding adjuvant stem cell therapy, alongside the aforementioned lifestyle modifications, may ideally sequester inflammation and thus halt neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T05:17:23Z","timestamp":1662441443000},"page":"10138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sequestration of Inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease via Stem Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9161-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonah","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Lockard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Monsour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Alayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesario V.","family":"Borlongan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000445751","article-title":"The Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090278","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"302","author":"Singleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077209","article-title":"Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism","volume":"299","author":"Bonifati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90175-F","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase, glial cells and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Damier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.014","article-title":"The disease intersection of susceptibility and exposure: Chemical exposures and neurodegenerative disease risk","volume":"10","author":"Tanner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0538-8","article-title":"Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: Correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction","volume":"117","author":"Beach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1777-8","article-title":"Does Parkinson\u2019s disease start in the gut?","volume":"135","author":"Lionnet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9808","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1788-16.2017","article-title":"Prying into the Prion Hypothesis for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"37","author":"Brundin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.013","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein activates stress signaling protein kinases in THP-1 cells and microglia","volume":"29","author":"Klegeris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06075.x","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein induces migration of BV-2 microglial cells by up-regulation of CD44 and MT1-MMP","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)04085-4","article-title":"Age-related microglial activation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"964","author":"Sugama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2006.40","article-title":"Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: Their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004","article-title":"Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Block","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.026","article-title":"Neuroprotection by the selective iNOS inhibitor GW274150 in a model of Parkinson disease","volume":"50","author":"Broom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0937239100","article-title":"NADPH oxidase mediates oxidative stress in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.10.034","article-title":"Role of ICAM-1 in persisting inflammation in Parkinson disease and MPTP monkeys","volume":"197","author":"Miklossy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benner, E.J., Banerjee, R., Reynolds, A.D., Sherman, S., Pisarev, V.M., Tsiperson, V., Nemachek, C., Ciborowski, P., Przedborski, S., and Mosley, R.L. (2008). Nitrated alpha-synuclein immunity accelerates degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001376"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.08.020","article-title":"Brain-resident microglia predominate over infiltrating myeloid cells in activation, phagocytosis and interaction with T-lymphocytes in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease","volume":"238","author":"Depboylu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B., Yang, M.S., Choi, D., Kim, J.H., Kim, H.S., Seol, W., Choi, S., Jou, I., Kim, E.Y., and Joe, E.H. (2012). Impaired inflammatory responses in murine Lrrk2-knockdown brain microglia. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034693"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-125153","article-title":"Regulation of astrocyte inflammatory responses by the Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated gene DJ-1","volume":"23","author":"Waak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005253422103","article-title":"Association between early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease and mutations in the parkin gene","volume":"342","author":"Bonifati","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2013.22.1.38","article-title":"PINK1 Deficiency Enhances Inflammatory Cytokine Release from Acutely Prepared Brain Slices","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10825","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3001-08.2008","article-title":"Parkin deficiency increases vulnerability to inflammation-related nigral degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"15","article-title":"Electrophysiological methods for the identification of thalamic nuclei","volume":"205","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609339382","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Groiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-016-0171-1","article-title":"TSPO imaging in parkinsonian disorders","volume":"4","author":"Gerhard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koshimori, Y., Ko, J.H., Mizrahi, R., Rusjan, P., Mabrouk, R., Jacobs, M.F., Christopher, L., Hamani, C., Lang, A.E., and Wilson, A.A. (2015). Imaging Striatal Microglial Activation in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138721"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21751","article-title":"Glial reactions in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"McGeer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70814-4","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the living brain of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Ouchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"373","article-title":"Role of cytokines in inflammatory process in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"Sawada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"729054","article-title":"Inflammation and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2011","author":"Barcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease and animal models of the disease","volume":"155","author":"Joers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4679","article-title":"Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Erta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191699","article-title":"Plasma IL-6 and IL-17A Correlate with Severity of Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.09.030","article-title":"IL-6 serum levels are elevated in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with fatigue compared to patients without fatigue","volume":"370","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1857-5","article-title":"Interleukin 6 and complement serum level study in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Dufek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-9921-z","article-title":"Interleukin-6 serum levels in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.08.011","article-title":"Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-\u03b3 agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"71","author":"Pisanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1874-4","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Beyond the immune function","volume":"125","author":"Pisanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033289","article-title":"Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: A review","volume":"1","author":"Sulzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotox Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012","article-title":"Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"155","author":"Zucca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00071","article-title":"L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia and Abnormal Signaling in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons: Focus on Dopamine D1 Receptor-Mediated Transmission","volume":"5","author":"Feyder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.016","article-title":"Exogenous corticosterone reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the hemi-parkinsonian rat: Role for interleukin-1beta","volume":"156","author":"Barnum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.06.031","article-title":"Higher serum levels of pro-hepcidin in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease treated with deep brain stimulation","volume":"684","author":"Geremek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2020-026","article-title":"Serum levels of hepcidin and interleukin 6 in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Geremek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zella, M.A.S., Metzdorf, J., Ostendorf, F., Maass, F., Muhlack, S., Gold, R., Haghikia, A., and Tonges, L. (2019). Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Target Alpha-Synuclein and Related Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020105"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00176","article-title":"Targeting Microglial Activation States as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15626-w","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein-specific T cell reactivity is associated with preclinical and early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Dhanwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22815","article-title":"T cells from patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease recognize alpha-synuclein peptides","volume":"546","author":"Sulzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-021-01818-6","article-title":"Modification of Glial Cell Activation through Dendritic Cell Vaccination: Promises for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"71","author":"Sabahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1746","article-title":"Lewy bodies in grafted neurons in subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease suggest host-to-graft disease propagation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1012033","article-title":"Evaluation of an alpha synuclein sensitized dendritic cell based vaccine in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson disease","volume":"11","author":"Ugen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciaramella, A., Salani, F., Bizzoni, F., Pontieri, F.E., Stefani, A., Pierantozzi, M., Assogna, F., Caltagirone, C., Spalletta, G., and Bossu, P. (2013). Blood dendritic cell frequency declines in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease and is associated with motor symptom severity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065352"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.05.033","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein immunotherapy blocks uptake and templated propagation of misfolded alpha-synuclein and neurodegeneration","volume":"7","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahaduzzaman, M., Nash, K., Hudson, C., Sharif, M., Grimmig, B., Lin, X., Bai, G., Liu, H., Ugen, K.E., and Cao, C. (2015). Anti-human alpha-synuclein N-terminal peptide antibody protects against dopaminergic cell death and ameliorates behavioral deficits in an AAV-alpha-synuclein rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116841"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9441","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5314-13.2014","article-title":"Reducing C-terminal-truncated alpha-synuclein by immunotherapy attenuates neurodegeneration and propagation in Parkinson\u2019s disease-like models","volume":"34","author":"Games","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13454","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1292-12.2012","article-title":"Antibody-aided clearance of extracellular alpha-synuclein prevents cell-to-cell aggregate transmission","volume":"32","author":"Bae","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26878","article-title":"First-in-human assessment of PRX002, an anti-alpha-synuclein monoclonal antibody, in healthy volunteers","volume":"32","author":"Schenk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27738","article-title":"Randomized phase I clinical trial of anti-alpha-synuclein antibody BIIB054","volume":"34","author":"Brys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1487","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002\/RG7935, an Anti-alpha-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"75","author":"Jankovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms","volume":"158","author":"Stonesifer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2473-5","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells repair a Parkinson\u2019s disease model by inducing autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X09666140923101110","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: Potential in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Tanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0390","article-title":"Brief report--human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitors possess strong immunosuppressive effects toward natural killer cells as well as T lymphocytes","volume":"27","author":"Yen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2007.10.007","article-title":"Derivation and immunological characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"36","author":"Trivedi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1000074","article-title":"Immunomodulative effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2062","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.327","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and immunomodulation: Current status and future prospects","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Angelo, M., Cimini, A., and Castelli, V. (2020). Insights into the Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155241"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leggio, L., Paterno, G., Vivarelli, S., L\u2019Episcopo, F., Tirolo, C., Raciti, G., Pappalardo, F., Giachino, C., Caniglia, S., and Serapide, M.F. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091327"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18755-4","article-title":"Interferon-gamma signaling synergizes with LRRK2 in neurons and microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Panagiotakopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.11.014","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide","volume":"2","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24820","article-title":"Robust graft survival and normalized dopaminergic innervation do not obligate recovery in a Parkinson disease patient","volume":"81","author":"Kordower","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10720","article-title":"A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Olanow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., and Cheung, H.H. (2020). Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218060"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"873706","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and mesenchymal stem cells: Potential for cell-based therapy","volume":"2012","author":"Kitada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350208","article-title":"Evidence for long-term survival and function of dopaminergic grafts in progressive Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Lindvall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504273321702","article-title":"Neuropathological evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"332","author":"Kordower","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199211263272202","article-title":"Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"327","author":"Freed","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1752","article-title":"Dopamine neurons implanted into people with Parkinson\u2019s disease survive without pathology for 14 years","volume":"14","author":"Mendez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1747","article-title":"Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Kordower","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.03.014","article-title":"Chemical Control of Grafted Human PSC-Derived Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10648","article-title":"Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"480","author":"Kriks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.01.004","article-title":"Embryonic MGE precursor cells grafted into adult rat striatum integrate and ameliorate motor symptoms in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats","volume":"6","author":"Noctor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.09.017","article-title":"Human ESC-derived dopamine neurons show similar preclinical efficacy and potency to fetal neurons when grafted in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Grealish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.05.010","article-title":"Human Clinical-Grade Parthenogenetic ESC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons Recover Locomotive Defects of Nonhuman Primate Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23664","article-title":"Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"548","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2004-0094","article-title":"Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors improves behavioral deficit in Parkinsonian rats","volume":"22","author":"Idelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15921","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010209107","article-title":"Differentiated Parkinson patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells grow in the adult rodent brain and reduce motor asymmetry in Parkinsonian rats","volume":"107","author":"Hargus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0494","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons reverse functional deficit in parkinsonian rats","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haney, M.J., Zhao, Y., Harrison, E.B., Mahajan, V., Ahmed, S., He, Z., Suresh, P., Hingtgen, S.D., Klyachko, N.L., and Mosley, R.L. (2013). Specific transfection of inflamed brain by macrophages: A new therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061852"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2650","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stabilize Axonal Transports for Autophagic Clearance of alpha-Synuclein in Parkinsonian Models","volume":"35","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03733-8","article-title":"Designer exosomes produced by implanted cells intracerebrally deliver therapeutic cargo for Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment","volume":"9","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2827","article-title":"Neural Stem Cell Grafts Promote Astroglia-Driven Neurorestoration in the Aged Parkinsonian Brain via Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling","volume":"36","author":"Tirolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14429","article-title":"Gutting the brain of inflammation: A key role of gut microbiome in human umbilical cord blood plasma therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-019-09906-2","article-title":"A Gutsy Move for Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Targeting the Gut Microbiome to Sequester Inflammation and Neurotoxicity","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00024","article-title":"Boosting Antioxidant Self-defenses by Grafting Astrocytes Rejuvenates the Aged Microenvironment and Mitigates Nigrostriatal Toxicity in Parkinsonian Brain via an Nrf2-Driven Wnt\/beta-Catenin Prosurvival Axis","volume":"12","author":"Serapide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1708","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling is required to rescue midbrain dopaminergic progenitors and promote neurorepair in ageing mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Tirolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0153-4","article-title":"Pathogenic LRRK2 variants are gain-of-function mutations that enhance LRRK2-mediated repression of \u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"12","author":"Berwick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchetti, B. (2018). Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway Governs a Full Program for Dopaminergic Neuron Survival, Neurorescue and Regeneration in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0385.v1"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2016.05.002","article-title":"Targeted methylation sequencing reveals dysregulated Wnt signaling in Parkinson disease","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjt045","article-title":"Modulating Wnt signaling to improve cell replacement therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Parish","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208524110","article-title":"Wnt5a cooperates with canonical Wnts to generate midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in stem cells","volume":"110","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0192","article-title":"Multipotent neural stem cells from the adult tegmentum with dopaminergic potential develop essential properties of functional neurons","volume":"24","author":"Hermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.21","article-title":"Rostro-caudal gradual loss of cellular diversity within the periventricular regions of the ventricular system","volume":"27","author":"Hermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mju001","article-title":"Wnt signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development and regenerative medicine for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Arenas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjt043","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neuron specification and neurogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Joksimovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493557","article-title":"GDNF: A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons","volume":"260","author":"Lin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00786","article-title":"Novel functions and signalling pathways for GDNF","volume":"116","author":"Sariola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/380252a0","article-title":"Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF","volume":"380","author":"Gash","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01366-P","article-title":"GDNF protects nigral dopamine neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine in vivo","volume":"672","author":"Kearns","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/373335a0","article-title":"Protection and repair of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by GDNF in vivo","volume":"373","author":"Tomac","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm850","article-title":"Direct brain infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease","volume":"9","author":"Gill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27724","article-title":"Trial of magnetic resonance-guided putaminal gene therapy for advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Heiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20737","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor infusion in Parkinson disease","volume":"59","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.1.69","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind trial of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in PD","volume":"60","author":"Nutt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.4.614","article-title":"Unilateral intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Parkinson disease: Response to 1 year of treatment and 1 year of withdrawal","volume":"106","author":"Slevin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz023","article-title":"Randomized trial of intermittent intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"142","author":"Whone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191576","article-title":"Extended Treatment with Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Whone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798826","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.798826","article-title":"Enriched Environment and Exercise Enhance Stem Cell Therapy for Stroke, Parkinson\u2019s Disease, and Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Berlet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3502","article-title":"Effects of voluntary physical exercise, citicoline, and combined treatment on object recognition memory, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"32","author":"Borlongan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211039598","article-title":"Inflammation-relevant microbiome signature of the stroke brain, gut, spleen, and thymus and the impact of exercise","volume":"41","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-019-08533-x","article-title":"A Short Bout of Exercise Prior to Stroke Improves Functional Outcomes by Enhancing Angiogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Pianta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X687723","article-title":"No pain, no gain: Lack of exercise obstructs neurogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.045","article-title":"Lack of exercise, via hindlimb suspension, impedes endogenous neurogenesis","volume":"149","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.4.388","article-title":"Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4","volume":"61","author":"McFarlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701151","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.701151","article-title":"The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Oxidative Stress in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827607300283","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training","volume":"1","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2285","article-title":"Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01795-8","article-title":"Physical training modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the soluble Fas\/soluble Fas ligand system in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000054","article-title":"Influence of Exercise on Inflammation in Cancer: Direct Effect or Innocent Bystander?","volume":"43","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R296","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00147.2019","article-title":"Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for cancer cachexia: A focus on interleukin-6 regulation","volume":"318","author":"Daou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1938214.107","article-title":"Exercise and Neuroinflammation in Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz247","article-title":"Whole-Body Vibration Training Increases Stem\/Progenitor Cell Circulation Levels and May Attenuate Inflammation","volume":"185","author":"Jawed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0566-1","article-title":"The Antioxidant Effect of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Sales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0633-x","article-title":"Exercise reduces inflammatory cell production and cardiovascular inflammation via instruction of hematopoietic progenitor cells","volume":"25","author":"Frodermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276023","article-title":"Effects of endurance exercise training on inflammatory circulating progenitor cell content in lean and obese adults","volume":"596","author":"Niemiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mee-Inta, O., Zhao, Z.W., and Kuo, Y.M. (2019). Physical Exercise Inhibits Inflammation and Microglial Activation. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070691"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-017-0955-4","article-title":"Treadmill Exercise Prevents Increase of Neuroinflammation Markers Involved in the Dopaminergic Damage of the 6-OHDA Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model","volume":"63","author":"Real","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.05.016","article-title":"Treadmill exercise produces neuroprotective effects in a murine model of Parkinson\u2019s disease by regulating the TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"356","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"441","article-title":"Moderate-intensity interval training increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and decreases inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"65","author":"Zoladz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.09.063","article-title":"Physical training exerts neuroprotective effects in the regulation of neurochemical factors in an animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"227","author":"Tuon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10945","article-title":"Subpopulations of proliferating cells of the adult hippocampus respond differently to physiologic neurogenic stimuli","volume":"467","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.023","article-title":"Differential 24 h responsiveness of Prox1-expressing precursor cells in adult hippocampal neurogenesis to physical activity, environmental enrichment, and kainic acid-induced seizures","volume":"154","author":"Steiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and physical exercise as modulators of adult hippocampal neural precursor cell behavior","volume":"29","author":"Tovar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04987.x","article-title":"Treadmill exercise counteracts the suppressive effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide on hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70778-3","article-title":"Triggering endogenous neuroprotective processes through exercise in models of dopamine deficiency","volume":"15","author":"Zigmond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14823-5","article-title":"Neurogenic effects of rotarod walking exercise in subventricular zone, subgranular zone, and substantia nigra in MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice","volume":"12","author":"Leem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314542981","article-title":"Intensive rehabilitation treatment in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized pilot study with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Frazzitta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2012.10.003","article-title":"Exercise promotes bone marrow cell survival and recipient reconstitution post-bone marrow transplantation, which is associated with increased survival","volume":"41","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2744-3","article-title":"The role of physical rehabilitation in stem cell transplantation patients","volume":"23","author":"Steinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113208","article-title":"Mutually beneficial effects of intensive exercise and GABAergic neural progenitor cell transplants in reducing neuropathic pain and spinal pathology in rats with spinal cord injury","volume":"327","author":"Dugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-010-9336-y","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ketogenic Diet on MPTP-induced Neurotoxicity","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0230-3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson\u2019s disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noebels, J.L., Avoli, M., Rogawski, M.A., Olsen, R.W., and Delgado-Escueta, A.V. (2012). Mechanisms of Ketogenic Diet Action. Jasper\u2019s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199746545.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318797","article-title":"D-beta-hydroxybutyrate rescues mitochondrial respiration and mitigates features of Parkinson disease","volume":"112","author":"Tieu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"41","article-title":"Nutritional ketosis for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A controlled pilot trial","volume":"1","author":"Krikorian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Park Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.03.014","article-title":"The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Taghizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1437","article-title":"EGCG redirects amyloidogenic polypeptides into unstructured, off-pathway oligomers","volume":"15","author":"Ehrnhoefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-1995-9","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Inhibits Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation: A Potential Agent for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.12.003","article-title":"Tea polyphenols alleviate motor impairments, dopaminergic neuronal injury, and cerebral \u03b1-synuclein aggregation in MPTP-intoxicated parkinsonian monkeys","volume":"286","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"128647","article-title":"Iron and neurodegeneration: From cellular homeostasis to disease","volume":"2012","author":"Pimentel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14142","article-title":"Metal chelator EGCG attenuates Fe(III)-induced conformational transition of \u03b1-synuclein and protects AS-PC12 cells against Fe(III)-induced death","volume":"143","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-016-8430-x","article-title":"Role of dietary phenols in mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"18","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19990715)57:2<195::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration improve behavioral outcome and reduce degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Duan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01586.x","article-title":"Meal size and frequency affect neuronal plasticity and vulnerability to disease: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"Mattson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22002","article-title":"Beneficial effects of antioxidant-enriched diet for tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in ventral mesencephalic tissue in oculo grafts","volume":"515","author":"Small","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1831261","article-title":"High fat diet-induced obesity causes a reduction in brain tyrosine hydroxylase levels and non-motor features in rats through metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kao, Y.C., Wei, W.Y., Tsai, K.J., and Wang, L.C. (2019). High Fat Diet Suppresses Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Reduces Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010207"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L.Y., Yeo, X.Y., Bae, H.G., Lee, D.P.S., Ho, R.C., Kim, J.E., Jo, D.G., and Jung, S. (2021). Association of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis with Neurodegeneration: Can Gut Microbe-Modifying Diet Prevent or Alleviate the Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Diseases?. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070698"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000505388","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Evaluation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients with Peritonitis","volume":"49","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab156","article-title":"The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic options","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01888-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation is associated with infiltration of T cells in Lewy body disease and \u03b1-synuclein transgenic models","volume":"17","author":"Iba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0249-9","article-title":"Th17 Cells Induce Dopaminergic Neuronal Death via LFA-1\/ICAM-1 Interaction in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27924","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Finland: A nationwide case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Mertsalmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16163","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016163","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease with constipation: A case report","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.005","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: Gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4\/TNF-\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"70","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150557","article-title":"Linking Smoking, Coffee, Urate, and Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Role for Gut Microbiota?","volume":"5","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"117","article-title":"Use of probiotics for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"57","author":"Cassani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minerva. Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003127","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotic fiber for constipation associated with Parkinson disease: An RCT","volume":"87","author":"Barichella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S106284","article-title":"Nonmotor gastrointestinal disorders in older patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Is there hope?","volume":"11","author":"Georgescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.018","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazerani, P. (2019). Probiotics for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174121"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/17\/10138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:23:16Z","timestamp":1760142196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/17\/10138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231710138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231710138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]}}}