{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T06:53:25Z","timestamp":1772348005817,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)"},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although tissue-type plasminogen activator was approved by the FDA for early reperfusion of occluded vessels, there is a need for an effective neuroprotective drug for stroke patients. In this study, we established tumor susceptibility gene (TSG)101-overexpressing human neural stem cells (F3.TSG) and investigated whether they showed enhanced secretion of exosomes and whether treatment with exosomes during reperfusion alleviated ischemia-reperfusion-mediated brain damage. F3.TSG cells secreted higher amounts of exosomes than the parental F3 cells. In N2A cells subjected to oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation (OGD), treatment with exosomes or coculture with F3.TSG cells significantly attenuated lactate dehydrogenase release, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory factors, and the protein expression of DNA-damage-related proteins. In a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model, treatment with exosomes, F3 cells, or F3.TSG cells after 2 h of occlusion followed by reperfusion reduced the infarction volume and suppressed inflammatory cytokines, DNA-damage-related proteins, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and upregulated several neurotrophic factors. Thus, TSG101-overexpressing neural stem cells showed enhanced exosome secretion; exosome treatment protected against MCAO-induced brain damage via anti-inflammatory activities, DNA damage pathway inhibition, and growth\/trophic factor induction. Therefore, exosomes and F3.TSG cells can affect neuroprotection and functional recovery in acute stroke patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T21:05:12Z","timestamp":1661288712000},"page":"9532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Neuroprotective Effects of Exosomes Derived from TSG101-Overexpressing Human Neural Stem Cells in a Stroke Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Eun-Jung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Counseling, Health, and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, One University Way, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunseo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Myoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehn-Kyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Bae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute, Designed Cells Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28576, Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongsun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Risk factors and outcome differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"48","author":"Bilic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Clin. 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