{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:01:50Z","timestamp":1793134910100,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004166","name":"Medical University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2F5\/PM2\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2F5\/PM2\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lazarski University in Warsaw","award":["2F5\/PM2\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2F5\/PM2\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f2x73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), has a significant inflammatory component. White blood cell count is an affordable and accessible way to assess the systemic immune response, as it comprises many subgroups with distinct and complex functions. Considering their multidirectional effect on atherosclerosis, new biomarkers integrating various leukocyte subgroups, the Systemic Inflammatory Index (SII) and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), were recently devised to describe the balance between inflammation and immune reaction. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship of the intensity of inflammation measured by these biomarkers with the severity of CAD assessed with coronary angiography and with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable CAD in 699 patients. SIRI, but not SII, was associated with the diagnosis, having the highest values for patients with ACS (STEMI), significantly higher than in patients with stable CAD (p &lt; 0.01). The highest SII and SIRI values were observed in patients with three-vessel CAD. SII and SIRI require further in-depth and well-designed research to evaluate their potential in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"9553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":317,"title":["Investigation of the Associations of Novel Inflammatory Biomarkers\u2014Systemic Inflammatory Index (SII) and Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI)\u2014With the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome Occurrence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina A.","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Lazarski University in Warsaw, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub S.","family":"G\u0105sior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7476-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Tuzimek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8783-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Paleczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Junka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2022, July 26). Global Health Estimates: Life Expectancy and Leading Causes of Death and Disability. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/mortality-and-global-health-estimates."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Lusis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029870","article-title":"Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Way Forward from Mechanisms to Precision Treatment","volume":"136","author":"Crea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311098","article-title":"Reassessing the Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"124","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.061","article-title":"From Focal Lipid Storage to Systemic Inflammation: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"74","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904217","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4904217","article-title":"Immune and Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181394","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/181394","article-title":"The Emerging Role of TLR and Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2012","author":"Spirig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248413504994","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis\u2014Revisited","volume":"19","author":"Pant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00009","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"151","author":"Buckley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.11.027","article-title":"Hs-CRP in stroke: A meta-analysis","volume":"453","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Lim, S., Park, K.S., Jang, H.C., and Choi, S.H. (2017). Total and differential WBC counts are related with coronary artery atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in Koreans. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180332"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T.-H., Chien, K.-L., Lin, H.-J., Hsu, H.-C., Su, T.-C., Chen, M.-F., and Lee, Y.-T. (2013). Total white blood cell count or neutrophil count predict ischemic stroke events among adult Taiwanese: Report from a community-based cohort study. BMC Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02526.x","article-title":"Total and differential leucocyte counts in relation to incidence of stroke subtypes and mortality: A prospective cohort study","volume":"272","author":"Zia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.05.002","article-title":"Associations between differential leucocyte count and incident coronary heart disease: 1764 incident cases from seven prospective studies of 30,374 individuals","volume":"25","author":"Wheeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Jiang, C.Q., Xu, L., Zhang, W.S., Zhu, F., Jin, Y.L., Thomas, G.N., Cheng, K.K., and Lam, T.H. (2018). White blood cell count and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Guangzhou biobank cohort study. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6073-6"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030949","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030949","article-title":"White cell counts in relation to mortality in a general population of cohort study in the Netherlands: A mediating effect or not?","volume":"9","author":"Abete","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2017-0235","article-title":"Relationship between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and coronary plaque vulnerability in patients with stable angina","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"676","article-title":"Association of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with the Severity and Morphology of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques Detected by Multidetector Computerized Tomography","volume":"32","author":"Aytemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2014.979340","article-title":"The platelet-lymphocyte ratio: A simple, inexpensive and rapid prognostic marker for cardiovascular events","volume":"26","author":"Balta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.10.002","article-title":"A novel systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting postoperative survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Geng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1638-9","article-title":"The systemic immune-inflammation index is an independent predictor of survival for metastatic colorectal cancer and its association with the lymphocytic response to the tumor","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9690","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919802","article-title":"Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index Predicts Clinical Outcomes for Elderly Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Receiving Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0442","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2020-0274","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index is a novel marker to predict functionally significant coronary artery stenosis","volume":"14","author":"Durmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000001037","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts the severity of coronary stenosis in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319720987743","article-title":"Relationship Between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and the Severity of Stable Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"72","author":"Candemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelesoglu, S., Yilmaz, Y., Elc\u0131k, D., and Kalay, N. (2021). Systemic immune inflammation index: A novel predictor for coronary collateral circulation. Perfusion, 2676591211014822.","DOI":"10.1177\/02676591211014822"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, M., Yamada, T., Morita, T., Furukawa, Y., Tamaki, S., Iwasaki, Y., Kawasaki, M., Kikuchi, A., Kawai, T., and Ikeda, I. (2018). P589Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J., 39.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy564.P589"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811790","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.811790","article-title":"Prognostic Impact of Multiple Lymphocyte-Based Inflammatory Indices in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13230","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13230","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) predicted clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanowicz, T., Michalak, M., Al-Imam, A., Olasi\u0144ska-Wi\u015bniewska, A., Rodzki, M., Witkowska, A., Haneya, A., Buczkowski, P., Perek, B., and Jemielity, M. (2022). The Significance of Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index for Mortality Prediction in Diabetic Patients Treated with Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030634"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosu, A.R., Kalyoncuoglu, M., Biter, H.\u0130., Cakal, S., Selcuk, M., \u00c7inar, T., Belen, E., and Can, M.M. (2021). Prognostic Value of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index for Major Adverse Cardiac Events and Mortality in Severe Aortic Stenosis Patients after TAVI. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060588"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, J., Jung, J., Ahn, Y., and Oh, J. (2021). Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicted Short-Term Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184147"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, T., Yin, Z., Jin, Y., Han, J., Guo, Z., and Wang, H. (2022). The systemic-immune-inflammation index predicts the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cryomaze concomitant with mitral valve surgery. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02494-z"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2020.1846774","article-title":"A novel marker for predicting severity of acute pulmonary embolism: Systemic immune-inflammation index","volume":"55","author":"Gok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841601","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.841601","article-title":"Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197211007738","article-title":"Systemic Immune Inflammation Index: A Novel Predictor of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients with Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction","volume":"72","author":"Kelesoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"318","article-title":"Predictive Value of Systemic Immune Inflammation Index for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","volume":"36","author":"Selcuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811079","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.811079","article-title":"Value of the Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index (SII) in Predicting the Prognosis of Patients With Peripartum Cardiomyopathy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00766","article-title":"A Novel Prognostic Marker Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) for Operable Cervical Cancer Patients","volume":"10","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S283835","article-title":"The Associations of Two Novel Inflammation Indexes, SII and SIRI with the Risks for Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality: A Ten-Year Follow-Up Study in 85,154 Individuals","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00733-9","article-title":"Systemic immune inflammation index and system inflammation response index are potential biomarkers of atrial fibrillation among the patients presenting with ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2083671","article-title":"Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response index in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"54","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziedzic, E.A., G\u0105sior, J.S., Tuzimek, A., D\u0105browski, M., and Jankowski, P. (2022). Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Not Associated with Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and Is Not Correlated with Vitamin D Level in Patients with a History of an Acute Coronary Syndrome. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11071001"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziedzic, E.A., G\u0105sior, J.S., Sowi\u0144ska, I., D\u0105browski, M., and Jankowski, P. (2022). Vitamin D Level in Patients with Consecutive Acute Coronary Syndrome Is Not Correlated with the Parameters of Platelet Activity. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030707"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistiakov, D.A., Kashirskikh, D.A., Khotina, V.A., Grechko, A.V., and Orekhov, A.N. (2019). Immune-Inflammatory Responses in Atherosclerosis: The Role of Myeloid Cells. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111798"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.009","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis: From pathophysiology to practice","volume":"54","author":"Libby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0646-1","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Outcome","volume":"19","author":"Montecucco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2008.03.022","article-title":"Development of an optimized multimarker strategy for early risk assessment of patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"393","author":"Danne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"51","article-title":"Multiple inflammatory prognostic factors in acute coronary syndromes: A prospective inception cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Hatmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1024","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease","volume":"38","author":"Ikonomidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000136999.77584.A2","article-title":"C-reactive protein induces apoptosis in human coronary vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"110","author":"Blaschke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.057","article-title":"Serial measurement of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after acute coronary syndromes: Results from the A to Z trial","volume":"50","author":"Morrow","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107477","article-title":"C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction","volume":"367","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.2049","article-title":"Updates on Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz474","article-title":"Imaging residual inflammatory cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Antoniades","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034645","article-title":"Residual Inflammatory Risk on Treatment with PCSK9 Inhibition and Statin Therapy","volume":"138","author":"Pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313129","article-title":"Anticytokine Agents: Targeting Interleukin Signaling Pathways for the Treatment of Atherothrombosis","volume":"124","author":"Ridker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302699","article-title":"Inflammation and its resolution as determinants of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"114","author":"Libby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000477","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2016-000477","article-title":"Low eosinophil and low lymphocyte counts and the incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases: A CALIBER cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.054","article-title":"Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk?","volume":"45","author":"Horne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.01.008","article-title":"Monocytes as a diagnostic marker of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"217","author":"Gratchev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M.-Y., Li, C.-J., Hou, M.-F., and Chu, P.-Y. (2017). New Insights into the Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102034"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.111.960385","article-title":"Elevated CD14++CD16\u2212 monocytes predict cardiovascular events","volume":"5","author":"Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq371","article-title":"CD14++CD16+ monocytes and cardiovascular outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Rogacev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.12.022","article-title":"Neutrophil Counts and Initial Presentation of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases: A CALIBER Cohort Study","volume":"69","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0214-1","article-title":"Neutrophil-driven SMC death destabilizes atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.10.1784","article-title":"Leukocyte adhesion to the coronary microvasculature during ischemia and reperfusion in an in vivo canine model","volume":"93","author":"Sheridan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711796391633","article-title":"Low lymphocyte count and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"18","author":"Sanchis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00878-8","article-title":"Usefulness of the lymphocyte concentration as a prognostic marker in coronary artery disease","volume":"79","author":"Ommen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584102","article-title":"The Seattle Heart Failure Model: Prediction of survival in heart failure","volume":"113","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e328332ee15","article-title":"Low lymphocyte count in acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction predicts long-term recurrent myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Sanchis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20012044","article-title":"A critical role of platelet adhesion in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation","volume":"196","author":"Massberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27196","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Gawaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1572328","article-title":"Platelets as Biomarkers of Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"42","author":"Pasalic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1159\/000442721","article-title":"European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults","volume":"8","author":"Yumuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002843","article-title":"2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement","volume":"39","author":"Stergiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD","volume":"41","author":"Cosentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.006","article-title":"2021 ACC\/AHA\/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Lawton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa575","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation","volume":"42","author":"Collet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/17\/9553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:09Z","timestamp":1760141649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/17\/9553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23179553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23179553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}