{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:47:50Z","timestamp":1786945670370,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antagonism of transient receptor potential vanniloid-1 (TRPV1) and desensitization of transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) nociceptors alleviate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)-associated chronic pain. However, there is limited literature available about their role in regulating the mucosal layer, its interaction with host physiology, and luminal microbial community. The present study focuses on the effects\u2019 intra rectal administration of capsazepine (modulator of TRPA1\/TRPV1 expressing peptidergic sensory neurons) on colonic mucus production and gut health. We performed histological analysis, gut permeability alteration, gene expression changes, metabolite profiling, and gut microbial abundance in the ileum, colon, and cecum content of these animals. Intra rectal administration of capsazepine modulates TRPA1\/TRPV1-positive nociceptors (behavioral pain assays) and resulted in damaged mucosal lining, increased gut permeability, and altered transcriptional profile of genes for goblet cell markers, mucus regulation, immune response, and tight junction proteins. The damage to mucosal lining prevented its role in enterosyne (short chain fatty acids) actions. These results suggest that caution must be exercised before employing TRPA1\/TRPV1 modulation as a therapeutic option to alleviate pain caused due to IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T21:03:51Z","timestamp":1661375031000},"page":"9577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Intrarectal Capsazepine Administration Modulates Colonic Mucosal Health in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Vibhu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"},{"name":"University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirti","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra Pal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4686-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivasubramanian","family":"Rajarammohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8036-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanthi Kiran","family":"Kondepudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, 2033, Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanwaljit","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7785-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahendra","family":"Bishnoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TR(i)P for Health Laboratory, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Department of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India"},{"name":"Humboldt Fellow, Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Krankanstrasse, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.002","article-title":"TRPA1 and substance P mediate colitis in mice","volume":"141","author":"Engel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000007504","article-title":"Implications of tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"59","author":"Holzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315631","article-title":"Single-cell RNAseq reveals seven classes of colonic sensory neuron","volume":"68","author":"Hockley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00158-2","article-title":"ANKTM1, a TRP-like channel expressed in nociceptive neurons, is activated by cold temperatures","volume":"112","author":"Story","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00180","article-title":"Transient receptor potential channels and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller-Tribbensee, S.M., Karna, M., Khalil, M., Neurath, M.F., Reeh, P.W., and Engel, M.A. (2015). Differential contribution of TRPA1, TRPV4 and TRPM8 to colonic nociception in mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128242"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00275-5","article-title":"A new model of visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia in the mouse","volume":"92","author":"Laird","year":"2001","journal-title":"PAIN\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00306-8","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of oral clonidine and S12813-4 in acute colon inflammation in rats","volume":"308","author":"Miampamba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00549.x","article-title":"Vanilloid receptor 1 antagonists attenuate disease severity in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"16","author":"Kimball","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.07.011","article-title":"Inhibition of the vanilloid receptor subtype-1 attenuates TNBS-colitis","volume":"8","author":"Fujino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65618-5","article-title":"Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 contributes to somatic pain hypersensitivity in experimental colitis","volume":"10","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28621","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28621","article-title":"Systemic desensitization through TRPA1 channels by capsazepine and mustard oil-a novel strategy against inflammation and pain","volume":"6","author":"Kistner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.5.713","article-title":"Vanilloid receptor-1 containing primary sensory neurones mediate dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in rats","volume":"52","author":"Kihara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz013","article-title":"Experimental models to study intestinal microbes\u2013mucus interactions in health and disease","volume":"43","author":"Chassaing","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corfield, A.P. (2018). The interaction of the gut microbiota with the mucus barrier in health and disease in human. Microorganisms, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6030078"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2002.03641.x","article-title":"Capsazepine partially inhibits neurally mediated gastric mucus secretion following activation of protease-activated receptor 2","volume":"29","author":"Kawabata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manneck, D., Manz, G., Braun, H.-S., Rosendahl, J., and Stumpff, F. (2021). The TRPA1 Agonist Cinnamaldehyde Induces the Secretion of HCO3\u2212 by the Porcine Colon. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105198"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173567","article-title":"Role of TRPV1 in colonic mucin production and gut microbiota profile","volume":"888","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.10.026","article-title":"Capillary electrophoresis for short chain organic acids in faeces: Reference values in a Mediterranean elderly population","volume":"46","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.415s","article-title":"Prebiotic digestion and fermentation","volume":"73","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12663","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids increase intracellular calcium levels and enhance gut hormone release from STC-1 cells via transient receptor potential Ankyrin1","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00784.x","article-title":"Inflammatory subtypes in asthma: Assessment and identification using induced sputum","volume":"11","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.10.1442","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids stimulate epithelial mucin 2 expression through differential effects on prostaglandin E1 and E2 production by intestinal myofibroblasts","volume":"52","author":"Willemsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000492853","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids manifest stimulative and protective effects on intestinal barrier function through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1874091X01004010053","article-title":"The impact of the level of the intestinal short chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease patients versus healthy subjects","volume":"4","author":"Abdulamir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300754","article-title":"Rectal irrigation with short chain fatty acids for distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"36","author":"Breurer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"731","article-title":"Treatment of refractory distal ulcerative colitis with short chain fatty acid enemas","volume":"91","author":"Patz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00386.x","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid topical treatment in distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Vernia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607189013002109","article-title":"Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Kripke","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-6-61","article-title":"Protease activated receptors 1 and 4 sensitize TRPV1 in nociceptive neurones","volume":"6","author":"Vellani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201702151","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201702151","article-title":"TRPA1-dependent calcium transients and CGRP release in DRG neurons require extracellular calcium","volume":"219","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G692","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00248.2018","article-title":"Chronic colitis-induced visceral pain is associated with increased anxiety during quiescent phase","volume":"316","author":"Salameh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13226","article-title":"Elevated H2O2 levels in trinitrobenzene sulfate-induced colitis rats contributes to visceral hyperalgesia through interaction with the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 cation channel","volume":"31","author":"Kogure","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G327","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00422.2010","article-title":"Importance and regulation of the colonic mucus barrier in a mouse model of colitis","volume":"300","author":"Petersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.10.007","article-title":"Normalization of host intestinal mucus layers requires long-term microbial colonization","volume":"18","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112452","article-title":"Mucin secretory action of capsaicin prevents high fat diet-induced gut barrier dysfunction in C57BL\/6 mice colon","volume":"145","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(00)00183-5","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids but not lactate or succinate stimulate mucus release in the rat colon","volume":"125","author":"Shimotoyodome","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00243-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00243-17","article-title":"Butyrate supplementation at high concentrations alters enteric bacterial communities and reduces intestinal inflammation in mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium","volume":"2","author":"Jiminez","year":"2017","journal-title":"MSphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X., Wen, S., Long-Kun, D., Man, Y., Chang, S., Min, Z., Shuang-Yu, L., Xin, Q., Jie, M., and Liang, W. (2022). Three important short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) attenuate the inflammatory response induced by 5-FU and maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal tight junction. BMC Immunol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-022-00495-3"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78141-4","article-title":"Mucin-2 knockout is a model of intercellular junction defects, mitochondrial damage and ATP depletion in the intestinal epithelium","volume":"10","author":"Borisova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.07.003","article-title":"Muc2 mucin and nonmucin microbiota confer distinct innate host defense in disease susceptibility and colonic injury","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0735-5","article-title":"Nanoarchitecture and dynamics of the mouse enteric glycocalyx examined by freeze-etching electron tomography and intravital microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp137","article-title":"Overexpression of MUC15 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2 and promotes the oncogenic potential of human colon cancer cells","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00367","article-title":"Nod2: A critical regulator of ileal microbiota and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Sidiq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scuderi, S.A., Casili, G., Lanza, M., Filippone, A., Paterniti, I., Esposito, E., and Campolo, M. (2020). Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Attenuated Inflammatory Response Associated to Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8110519"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, P., Song, H., and Wang, F. (2019). Antibiotics induced intestinal tight junction barrier dysfunction is associated with microbiota dysbiosis, activated NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218384"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.112","article-title":"TNFR1-induced lethal inflammation is mediated by goblet and Paneth cell dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.09.001","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier is regulated by ERK1\/2 activation of Elk-1","volume":"183","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01187-15","article-title":"New role of nod proteins in regulation of intestinal goblet cell response in the context of innate host defense in an enteric parasite infection","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.58","article-title":"Nod2 deficiency is associated with an increased mucosal immunoregulatory response to commensal microorganisms","volume":"7","author":"Amendola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.02.010","article-title":"The densely O-glycosylated MUC2 mucin protects the intestine and provides food for the commensal bacteria","volume":"428","author":"Arike","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magne, F., Gotteland, M., Gauthier, L., Zazueta, A., Pesoa, S., Navarrete, P., and Balamurugan, R. (2020). The firmicutes\/bacteroidetes ratio: A relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051474"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00290","article-title":"Mucosal interactions between genetics, diet, and microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Basson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00454","article-title":"Short term intrarectal administration of sodium propionate induces antidepressant-like effects in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931271","article-title":"Butyrate enemas upregulate Muc genes expression but decrease adherent mucus thickness in mice colon","volume":"58","author":"Gaudier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0248-8","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160263","article-title":"Distal, not proximal, colonic acetate infusions promote fat oxidation and improve metabolic markers in overweight\/obese men","volume":"130","author":"Canfora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b01081","article-title":"Gelatin-coated polycaprolactone nanoparticle-mediated naringenin delivery rescue human mesenchymal stem cells from oxygen glucose deprivation-induced inflammatory stress","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e57032","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo approaches to determine intestinal epithelial cell permeability","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp. JoVE"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Jombart, T. (2008). Analyses Multivari\u00e9es de Marqueurs G\u00e9n\u00e9tiques: D\u00e9veloppements M\u00e9thodologiques, Applications et Extensions. [Ph.D. Thesis, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1]."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/17\/9577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:30Z","timestamp":1760141670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/17\/9577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23179577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23179577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}}}