{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:25:39Z","timestamp":1789644339523,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada"},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)"},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2013Nature et technologie (FRQNT)"},{"name":"NSERC Collaborative Research and Training Experience (CREATE) Program-Genome Editing for Food Security and Environmental Sustainability (GEFSES)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA damage in early-stage embryos impacts development and is a risk factor for segregation of altered genomes. DNA damage response (DDR) encompasses a sophisticated network of proteins involved in sensing, signaling, and repairing damage. DDR is regulated by reversible post-translational modifications including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and SUMOylation. While important regulators of these processes have been characterized in somatic cells, their roles in early-stage embryos remain broadly unknown. The objective of this study was to explore how ubiquitylation and SUMOylation are involved in the regulation of early development in porcine embryos by assessing the mRNA profile of genes encoding ubiquitination (UBs), deubiquitination (DUBs), SUMOylation (SUMOs) or deSUMOylation (deSUMOs) enzymes in oocyte and embryos at different stages of development, and to evaluate if the induction of DNA damage at different stages of embryo development would alter the mRNA abundance of these genes. Pig embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization and DNA damage was induced by ultraviolet (UV) light exposure for 10 s on days 2, 4 or 7 of development. The relative mRNA abundance of most UBs, DUBs, SUMOs, and deSUMOs was higher in oocytes and early-stage embryos than in blastocysts. Transcript levels for UBs (RNF20, RNF40, RNF114, RNF169, CUL5, DCAF2, DECAF13, and DDB1), DUBs (USP16), and SUMOs (CBX4, UBA2 and UBC9), were upregulated in early-stage embryos (D2 and\/or D4) compared to oocytes and blastocysts. In response to UV-induced DNA damage, transcript levels of several UBs, DUBs, SUMOs, and deSUMOs decreased in D2 and D4 embryos, but increased in blastocysts. These findings revealed that transcript levels of genes encoding for important UBs, DUBs, SUMOs, and deSUMOs are regulated during early embryo development and are modulated in response to induced DNA damage. This study has also identified candidate genes controlling post-translational modifications that may have relevant roles in the regulation of normal embryo development, repair of damaged DNA, and preservation of genome stability in the pig embryo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T21:28:12Z","timestamp":1661462892000},"page":"9610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["DNA Damage Induction Alters the Expression of Ubiquitin and SUMO Regulators in Preimplantation Stage Pig Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zigomar","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction\u2013BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6467-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner Giehl","family":"Glanzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Currin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Priotto","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Bayard Dias","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction\u2013BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilceu","family":"Bordignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080260113","article-title":"Transition from maternal to embryonic control in early mammalian development: A comparison of several species","volume":"26","author":"Telford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. 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