{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:17:29Z","timestamp":1785763049189,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health subvention","award":["STM.A200.20.045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STM.A200.20.045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a skin disease characterized by the presence of wheals, angioedema, or both for at least 6 weeks. Although, CSU is often regarded as autoimmune in nature, its etiology is not fully explained and interactions between various small molecules are still taken under account. The aim of this research was to investigate the mean serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet activating factor (PAF), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) in relation to the disease activity and pruritus intensity in adult patients with CSU. Fifteen patients with CSU and 15 healthy subjects participated in this pilot study. Blood samples were taken to examine the mean serum levels of VEGF, PAF, and EDN by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA). The Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) and The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to assess the disease activity and the pruritus intensity, respectively. Obtained results revealed that VEGF, PAF, and EDN concentrations were higher in patients with CSU compared with those of the control group, but only for VEGF it was statistically significant (p = 0.008). However, levels of all investigated cytokines were not significantly correlated neither with the disease activity nor with the pruritus intensity. Our results showed higher serum levels of VEGF, PAF, and EDN among CSU patients which may highlight a functional role of these cytokines in the disease\u2019s pathogenesis. In contrast, VEGF, PAF, or EDN might not be useful to reflect the severity of symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T21:28:12Z","timestamp":1661462892000},"page":"9631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Serum Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Platelet Activating Factor and Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria\u2014A Pilot Study in Adult Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gomu\u0142ka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"M\u0119drala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.03.033","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: The Role of Infiltrating Cells","volume":"9","author":"Asero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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