{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:30:28Z","timestamp":1773721828542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are characterized by abnormally dilated intracranial microvascular sinusoids that result in increased susceptibility to hemorrhagic stroke. It has been demonstrated that three CCM proteins (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3) form the CCM signaling complex (CSC) to mediate angiogenic signaling. Disruption of the CSC will result in hemorrhagic CCMs, a consequence of compromised blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Due to their characteristically incomplete penetrance, the majority of CCM mutation carriers (presumed CCM patients) are largely asymptomatic, but when symptoms occur, the disease has typically reached a clinical stage of focal hemorrhage with irreversible brain damage. We recently reported that the CSC couples both classic (nuclear; nPRs) and nonclassic (membrane; mPRs) progesterone (PRG)-receptors-mediated signaling within the CSC-mPRs-PRG (CmP) signaling network in nPR(\u2212) breast cancer cells. In this report, we demonstrate that depletion of any of the three CCM genes or treatment with mPR-specific PRG actions (PRG\/mifepristone) results in the disruption of the CmP signaling network, leading to increased permeability in the nPR(\u2212) endothelial cells (ECs) monolayer in vitro. Finally, utilizing our in vivo hemizygous Ccm mutant mice models, we demonstrate that depletion of any of the three CCM genes, in combination with mPR-specific PRG actions, is also capable of leading to defective homeostasis of PRG in vivo and subsequent BBB disruption, allowing us to identify a specific panel of etiological blood biomarkers associated with BBB disruption. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the etiology to predict the occurrence of a disrupted BBB, an indication of early hemorrhagic events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T01:39:19Z","timestamp":1661737159000},"page":"9684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["mPR-Specific Actions Influence Maintenance of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier (BBB)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Johnathan","family":"Abou-Fadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akhil","family":"Padarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh G.","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Grajeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muaz","family":"Bhalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy E.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.20517\/2574-1209.2018.34","article-title":"Recent advances in cerebral cavernous malformation research","volume":"2","author":"Padarti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vessel Plus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02899","article-title":"Systems-wide analysis unravels the new roles of CCM signal complex (CSC)","volume":"5","author":"Vasquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52386-0","article-title":"Alternatively spliced isoforms reveal a novel type of PTB domain in CCM2 protein","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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