{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:12:07Z","timestamp":1760238727072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Fund Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A way to maintain an adequate vitamin D status is through supplementation. Demonstration of blood-metabolome rhythmicity of vitamin D3 post-dosing effects is lacking in the pharmaco-metabonomics area. Thus, the overall aim of this study was to investigate the diurnal changes in the blood metabolome and how these are affected by vitamin D3 supplementation. The study was conducted as a crossover study, and the treatment included 200 \u00b5g (8000 IU) of vitamin D3 as compared with placebo with a washout period of at least 10 days. The participants were postmenopausal women aged 60\u201380 years (N = 29) with vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D &lt; 50 nmol\/L) but otherwise healthy. During the intervention day, blood samples were taken at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, and 24 h, and plasma was analysed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a metabolomics approach. In general, diurnal effects were identified for the majority of the 20 quantified metabolites, and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed a change in the overall plasma metabolome around 12 AM (6 h after intervention), suggesting that the diurnal rhythm is reflected in two diurnal plasma metabolomes; a morning metabolome (8\u201312 AM) and an afternoon\/evening metabolome (2\u20138 PM). Overall, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the blood metabolome was minor, with no effect on the diurnal rhythm. However, a significant effect of the vitamin D supplementation on plasma acetone levels was identified. Collectively, our findings reveal an influence of diurnal rhythm on the plasma metabolome, while vitamin D supplementation appears to have minor influence on fluctuations in the plasma metabolome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T01:39:19Z","timestamp":1661737159000},"page":"9748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Diurnal Blood Metabolome and Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation: A Randomised Crossover Trial in Postmenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus","family":"Espersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banny Silva Barbosa","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Rejnmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne Christine","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00022727","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolism and Action","volume":"8","author":"Bouillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporos. 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