{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:30:07Z","timestamp":1776882607853,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1200098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1200098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DI-08-19\/CBC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI-08-19\/CBC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIEC","award":["1200098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1200098"]}]},{"name":"CIEC","award":["DI-08-19\/CBC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI-08-19\/CBC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose prevalence rates remain unknown in Chile. Laboratory benchmark testing for this disease is not useful, therefore, we aimed to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of extracellular metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 as novel rosacea biomarkers. We designed a cross-sectional study with a control group. Participants were systemically healthy adults (n = 20) and persons with rosacea (n = 18). We performed a periodontal evaluation and collected gingival crevicular fluid to measure MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels. Analysis showed mean and standard deviation of MMP-9 concentrations in the GCF for patients with rosacea was 764.52 \u00b1 569.83 pg\/mL; for healthy patients, it was 260.69 \u00b1 170.43 pg\/mL (p &lt; 0.05). The diagnosis of rosacea was responsible for the levels of MMP-9 in the GCF (p &lt; 0.05), as opposed to periodontitis, smoking, and age (p &gt; 0.05). The Area under ROC for MMP-9 was 0.869 (95%, C.I: 0.719\u20130.956), with a sensitivity of 72.22% and specificity of 81.58% for the diagnosis of rosacea. We conclude that the quantification of MMP-9 in the GCF could be used as a biomarker of rosacea. Also, rosacea was responsible for increasing the levels of MMP-9 in the GCF independent of periodontal status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1661904836000},"page":"9858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["MMP-9 Levels in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Chilean Rosacea Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Estudios Cl\u00ednicos, Probity Medical Research, Santiago 8420383, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2363-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanza","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dafna","family":"Benadof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Astorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1032-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Av. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago 7620157, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Gether","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2014.14087","article-title":"Prevalence of Rosacea in Community Settings","volume":"19","author":"Moustafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00595-7","article-title":"Rosacea: New Concepts in Classification and Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Arents","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. 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