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Autonomous Regional Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["2022DB018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022DB018"]}]},{"name":"the Autonomous Regional Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["GJHZ201709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ201709"]}]},{"name":"the Autonomous Regional Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["CZ027202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ027202"]}]},{"name":"the Autonomous Regional Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["2017CB002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CB002"]}]},{"name":"the Autonomous Regional Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["2021MD703890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MD703890"]}]},{"name":"the Autonomous Regional Graduate Education Innovation Program","award":["XJ2021G105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2021G105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The expression of flagellar proteins in Brucella species likely evolved through genetic transference from other microorganisms, and contributed to virulence, adaptability, and biofilm formation. Despite significant progress in defining the molecular mechanisms behind flagellar gene expression, the genetic program controlling biofilm formation remains unclear. The flagellar transcriptional factor (FtcR) is a master regulator of the flagellar system\u2019s expression, and is critical for B. melitensis 16M\u2019s flagellar biogenesis and virulence. Here, we demonstrate that FtcR mediates biofilm formation under hyperosmotic stress. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing for FtcR and RNA sequencing of ftcR-mutant and wild-type strains revealed a core set of FtcR target genes. We identified a novel FtcR-binding site in the promoter region of the osmotic-stress-response regulator gene betI, which is important for the survival of B. melitensis 16M under hyperosmotic stress. Strikingly, this site autoregulates its expression to benefit biofilm bacteria\u2019s survival under hyperosmotic stress. Moreover, biofilm reduction in ftcR mutants is independent of the flagellar target gene fliF. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the extent and functionality of flagellar-related transcriptional networks in biofilm formation, and presents phenotypic and evolutionary adaptations that alter the regulation of B. melitensis 16M to confer increased tolerance to hyperosmotic stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"9905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Flagellar Transcriptional Regulator FtcR Controls Brucella melitensis 16M Biofilm Formation via a betI-Mediated Pathway in Response to Hyperosmotic Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingmei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Ivanovic","family":"Baryshnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary, Altai State Agricultural University, 656000 Barnaul, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh T.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"},{"name":"International Sheep Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00130","article-title":"The role of innate immune signals in immunity to Brucella abortus","volume":"2","author":"Gomes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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