{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:24:45Z","timestamp":1792016685498,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The noradrenergic system is implicated in neuropathologies contributing to major disorders of the memory, including post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Determining the impact of norepinephrine on cellular function and plasticity is thus essential for making inroads into our understanding of these brain conditions, while expanding our capacity for treating them. Norepinephrine is a neuromodulator within the mammalian central nervous system which plays important roles in cognition and associated synaptic plasticity. Specifically, norepinephrine regulates the formation of memory through the stimulation of \u03b2-ARs, increasing the dynamic range of synaptic modifiability. The mechanisms through which NE influences neural circuit function have been extended to the level of the epigenome. This review focuses on recent insights into how the noradrenergic recruitment of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and post-translational modification of histones, contribute to homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity. These advances will be placed in the context of synaptic changes associated with memory formation and linked to brain disorders and neurotherapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"9916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Norepinephrine, beyond the Synapse: Coordinating Epigenetic Codes for Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Maity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, True Blue FZ818, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nahabedian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Biomedical Visualization, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, True Blue FZ818, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067020","article-title":"The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses","volume":"294","author":"Kandel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2867","article-title":"Long-term depression in the CNS","volume":"11","author":"Collingridge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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