{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:20:57Z","timestamp":1778170857760,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2020-NY-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-NY-020"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2022JZ-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JZ-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main toxic component of endotoxins released from the death or dissolution of Gram-negative bacteria is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which exists widely in the natural environment, and a large amount of endotoxin can significantly inhibit the reproductive performance of animals. A previous study showed that endotoxins mainly damaged the physiological function of mucins in the endometrium, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway was not activated, and the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway was inhibited by LPS treatment; the expression of occludin and E-cadherin proteins were decreased and ZO-1 protein expression was increased, because LPS can lead to the mucous layer becoming thinner, so that the embryonic survival rate is significantly reduced in early pregnancy. In middle and late pregnancy, LPS translocated to the epithelial cells of the uterus and the expression of claudin-1, JAMA, and E-cadherin proteins were decreased; at this time, a large number of glycosaminoglycan particles were secreted by endometrial gland cells through the PI3K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway that was activated after LPS treatment, However, there was no significant difference between the survival rates of fetal mice in the LPS (+) and LPS (-) groups. Glycosaminoglycan particles and mucins are secreted by gland cells, which can protect and maintain the pregnancy in the middle and late gestational periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T21:27:17Z","timestamp":1662067637000},"page":"9972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Mechanism of Lipopolysaccharide\u2019s Effect on Secretion of Endometrial Mucins in Female Mice during Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dezhang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.10.025","article-title":"Antibiotics regulate the immune response in both presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide through modulation of Toll-like receptors, cytokine production and phagocytosis in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Bode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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