{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:52:15Z","timestamp":1790326335467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr) was originally isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of group A Streptococci, and was found to be the same molecule as streptococcal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and plasmin receptor (Plr) on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology. Its main functions include GAPDH activity, plasmin-binding capacity, and direct activation of the complement alternative pathway (A-P). Plasmin trapped by deposited NAPlr triggers the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, such as glomerular basement membranes and mesangial matrix, and the accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils, leading to the induction of plasmin-related endocapillary glomerular inflammation. Deposited NAPlr at glomerular endocapillary site directly activates the complement A-P, and the endocapillary release of complement-related anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a, amplify the in situ endocapillary glomerular inflammation. Subsequently, circulating and in situ-formed immune complexes participate in the glomerular injury resulting in NAPlr-mediated glomerulonephritis. The disease framework of infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) has been further expanded. GAPDH of various bacteria other than Streptococci have been found to react with anti-NAPlr antibodies and to possess plasmin-binding activities, allowing glomerular NAPlr and plasmin activity to be utilized as key biomarkers of IRGN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T21:27:17Z","timestamp":1662067637000},"page":"9974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Nephritis-Associated Plasmin Receptor (NAPlr): An Essential Inducer of C3-Dominant Glomerular Injury and a Potential Key Diagnostic Biomarker of Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis (IRGN)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Yoshizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Showanomori Hospital, Tokyo 196-0024, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muneharu","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Fujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2000.0990","article-title":"The potential role for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis","volume":"21","author":"Yamakami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000130624.94920.6B","article-title":"Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: Characterization of the antigen and associated immune response","volume":"15","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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