{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:38:16Z","timestamp":1783334296830,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alterations of gut microbiota have been identified before clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes (T1D). To identify the associations amongst gut microbiome profile, metabolism and disease markers, the 16S rRNA-based microbiota profiling and 1H-NMR metabolomic analysis were performed on stool samples of 52 T1D patients at onset, 17 T1D siblings and 57 healthy subjects (CTRL). Univariate, multivariate analyses and classification models were applied to clinical and -omic integrated datasets. In T1D patients and their siblings, Clostridiales and Dorea were increased and Dialister and Akkermansia were decreased compared to CTRL, while in T1D, Lachnospiraceae were higher and Collinsella was lower, compared to siblings and CTRL. Higher levels of isobutyrate, malonate, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiales, Bacteroidales, were associated to T1D compared to CTRL. Patients with higher anti-GAD levels showed low abundances of Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and Alistipes and those with normal blood pH and low serum HbA1c levels showed high levels of purine and pyrimidine intermediates. We detected specific gut microbiota profiles linked to both T1D at the onset and to diabetes familiarity. The presence of specific microbial and metabolic profiles in gut linked to anti-GAD levels and to blood acidosis can be considered as predictive biomarker associated progression and severity of T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T20:52:51Z","timestamp":1662497571000},"page":"10256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gut Microbiota Functional Traits, Blood pH, and Anti-GAD Antibodies Concur in the Clinical Characterization of T1D at Onset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4204-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Del Chierico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Conta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory of Sapienza (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Matteoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fierabracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Levi Mortera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Marzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Vernocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Sciubba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory of Sapienza (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8266-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory of Sapienza (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Deodati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Novella","family":"Rapini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cianfarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children Health, Karolisnska Institute and University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, 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