{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:18:36Z","timestamp":1792513116736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project implementation CEMBAM\u2014Centre for Medical Bio-Additive Manufacturing and Research","award":["ITMS2014+:313011V358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITMS2014+:313011V358"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["ITMS2014+:313011V358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITMS2014+:313011V358"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because of cardiomyocyte death or dysfunction frequently caused by myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern society. Paradoxically, only limited and non-curative therapies for heart failure or MI are currently available. As a result, over the past two decades research has focused on developing cell-based approaches promoting the regeneration of infarcted tissue. Cell-based therapies for myocardial regeneration include powerful candidates, such as multipotent stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), bone-marrow-derived stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and hematopoietic stem cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These possess unique properties, such as potency to differentiate into desired cell types, proliferation capacity, and patient specificity. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated modest improvement in the myocardial regeneration and reduced infarcted areas upon transplantation of pluripotent or multipotent stem cells. Another cell population that need to be considered as a potential source for cardiac regeneration are telocytes found in different organs, including the heart. Their therapeutic effect has been studied in various heart pathologies, such as MI, arrhythmias, or atrial amyloidosis. The most recent cell-free therapeutic tool relies on the cardioprotective effect of complex cargo carried by small membrane-bound vesicles\u2014exosomes\u2014released from stem cells via exocytosis. The MSC\/iPSC-derived exosomes could be considered a novel exosome-based therapy for cardiovascular diseases thanks to their unique content. There are also other cell-free approaches, e.g., gene therapy, or acellular cardiac patches. Therefore, our review provides the most recent insights into the novel strategies for myocardial repair based on the regenerative potential of different cell types and cell-free approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T20:52:03Z","timestamp":1662583923000},"page":"10314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Cell-Based and Selected Cell-Free Therapies for Myocardial Infarction: How Do They Compare to the Current Treatment Options?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Cs\u00f6b\u00f6nyeiov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, N\u00e1bre\u017eie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Pie\u0161\u0165any, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Beerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, N\u00e1bre\u017eie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Pie\u0161\u0165any, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Debreov\u00e1-\u010ceh\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, N\u00e1bre\u017eie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Pie\u0161\u0165any, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013dubo\u0161","family":"Dani\u0161ovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, N\u00e1bre\u017eie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Pie\u0161\u0165any, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e9349","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ojha, N., and Dhamoon, A.S. (2022). Myocardial Infarction. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"691","article-title":"The utility of troponin measurement to detect myocardial infarction: Review of the current findings","volume":"6","author":"Daubert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc. 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