{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:43:23Z","timestamp":1792100603214,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BrightFocus Foundation","award":["A2019296F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2019296F"]}]},{"name":"Fondo di Beneficenza, Gruppo Intesa Sanpaolo","award":["A2019296F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2019296F"]}]},{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University","award":["A2019296F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2019296F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant portion of the world\u2019s plastic is not properly disposed of and, through various processes, is degraded into microscopic particles termed micro- and nanoplastics. Marine and terrestrial faunae, including humans, inevitably get in contact and may inhale and ingest these microscopic plastics which can deposit throughout the body, potentially altering cellular and molecular functions in the nervous and other systems. For instance, at the cellular level, studies in animal models have shown that plastic particles can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier and interact with neurons, and thus affect cognition. At the molecular level, plastics may specifically influence the folding of proteins, induce the formation of aberrant amyloid proteins, and therefore potentially trigger the development of systemic and local amyloidosis. In this review, we discuss the general issue of plastic micro- and nanoparticle generation, with a focus on their effects on protein folding, misfolding, and their possible clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T01:40:13Z","timestamp":1662601213000},"page":"10329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Micro- and Nanoplastics\u2019 Effects on Protein Folding and Amyloidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Windheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora C.","family":"Battajni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3690-1877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Cagnotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Diomede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bigini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6547-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Vismara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering \u201cG. Natta\u201d, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Fiumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gabbrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0492-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Gautieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Mazzuoli-Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9098-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Salmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Colnaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Heyerdahl, T. 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