{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:05:26Z","timestamp":1792494326731,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent data show that young people, mainly due to the pressure of some risk factors or due to disrupted interpersonal relationships, utilise greater reward value and display greater sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of \u201cpleasurable stimuli\u201d, specifically in those situations in which an enhanced dopamine release is present. Alcoholic beverages, foods rich in sugar and fat, and illicit drug use are pleasurable feelings associated with rewards. Research shows that there is a link between substance abuse and obesity in brain functioning. Still, alcohol excess is central in leading to obesity and obesity-related morbidities, such as hepatic steatosis, mainly when associated with illicit drug dependence and negative eating behaviours in young people. It is ascertained that long-term drinking causes mental damage, similarly to drug abuse, but also affects liver function. Indeed, beyond the pharmacokinetic interactions of alcohol with drugs, occurring in the liver due to the same metabolic enzymes, there are also pharmacodynamic interactions of both substances in the CNS. To complicate matters, an important noxious effect of junk foods consists of inducing obesity and obesity-related NAFLD. In this review, we focus on some key mechanisms underlying the impact of these addictions on the liver, as well as those on the CNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1662630669000},"page":"10406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Could Alcohol Abuse and Dependence on Junk Foods Inducing Obesity and\/or Illicit Drug Use Represent Danger to Liver in Young People with Altered Psychological\/Relational Spheres or Emotional Problems?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, \u201cFederico II\u201d University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7787-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Cataldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Citro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, \u201cUmberto I\u201d Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318813","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases in the USA in the past three decades","volume":"69","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.011","article-title":"Burden of liver disease in Europe: Epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies","volume":"69","author":"Pimpin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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