{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:24:47Z","timestamp":1790691887851,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mast cells and inflammatory cells are abundant in keloid and hypertrophic scar tissues. Even if the cause of physical injury is similar, such as piercing or scratching with hands, clinical findings show differences in the size of keloids in the same area. Hence, we performed histological studies on giant keloids larger than the earlobe, and other smaller keloids. We also examined the risk factors associated with the formation of giant lesions. No statistically significant differences in the association of the risk factors were observed. However, histological observations clearly showed a high number of degranulated or active mast cells with a trend towards a greater number of degranulated mast cells in the giant keloid tissues. Collagen production also tended to increase. Two patients with giant keloids were severely obese, suggesting that the persistent inflammatory state of obesity may also be involved in the growth of keloid lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"10410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mast Cells Are Activated in the Giant Earlobe Keloids: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yukari","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Aramaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-6701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nao","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka 424-8636, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Yamanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka 424-8636, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka 424-8636, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Okabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka 424-8636, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001880","article-title":"Does Keloid Histology Influence Recurrence?","volume":"43","author":"Nangole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, R. (2017). Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars Are the Result of Chronic Inflammation in the Reticular Dermis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030606"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0b013e3181efa2ef","article-title":"Cell Talk: A Phenomenon Observed in the Keloid Scar by Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"19","author":"Shaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2019.09.004","article-title":"Keloid Pathophysiology: Fibroblast or Inflammatory Disorders?","volume":"22","author":"Nangole","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3596","article-title":"Mast Cell Chymase in Keloid Induces Profibrotic Response via Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21\/Smad Activation in Keloid Fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2000.00973.x","article-title":"Mast Cells Enhance Contraction of Three-Dimensional Collagen Lattices by Fibroblasts by Cell-Cell Interaction: Role of Stem Cell Factor\/c-kit","volume":"99","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090805","article-title":"Mast Cell-Derived Particles Deliver Peripheral Signals to Remote Lymph Nodes","volume":"206","author":"Kunder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.159024","article-title":"Mast Cell and Heparin Promote Adipogenesis in Superficial Fascia of Rats. Biochim. Biophys","volume":"1866","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(00)00164-X","article-title":"Role of Stem Cell Factor and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in the Interaction between Fibroblasts and Mast Cells in Fibrosis","volume":"26","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12655","article-title":"Staphylococcus \u03b4-Toxin Induces Allergic Skin Disease by Activating Mast Cells","volume":"503","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1994","article-title":"Genetic Deficiency and Pharmacological Stabilization of Mast Cells Reduce Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:27:55Z","timestamp":1760142475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231810410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231810410","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}