{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:25:44Z","timestamp":1789050344644,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Healthcare Innovations","award":["#2412-45\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2412-45\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammatory processes and neurotrophic factor systems are involved in pathogenesis of both epilepsy and depressive disorders. The study aimed to explore these systems in patients with focal epilepsy (PWE, n = 76), epilepsy and comorbid depression (PWCED n = 48), and major depressive disorder (PWMDD, n = 62) compared with healthy controls (HC, n = 78). Methods: Parameters of the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors, and TNF-\u03b1 were measured in blood serum along with the hemogram. Results: Serum cortisol level was augmented in PWE, PWCED, and PWMDD compared with HC and was higher in PWMDD than in PWE. Serum cortisol negatively correlated with Mini\u2013Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in PWE, and positively with depression inventory\u2013II (BDI-II) score in PWMDD. Only PWMDD demonstrated elevated plasma ACTH. Serum TNF-\u03b1, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were augmented in PWMDD; monocytes elevated in PWE and PWCED, while neutrophils were reduced in PWE and PWMDD. Serum BDNF was decreased in PWE and PWCED, CNTF was elevated in all groups of patients. In PWE, none of above indices depended on epilepsy etiology. Conclusions: The results confirm the involvement of HPA axis and inflammatory processes in pathogenesis of epilepsy and depression and provide new insights in mechanisms of epilepsy and depression comorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"10414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Elevated Serum Cortisol Levels in Patients with Focal Epilepsy, Depression, and Comorbid Epilepsy and Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tatyana A.","family":"Druzhkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1180-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora K.","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2538-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail S.","family":"Zinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla B.","family":"Guekht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5380-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia V.","family":"Gulyaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.04.007","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities in new onset epilepsy: Should they be always investigated?","volume":"49","author":"Kanner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.07.023","article-title":"Common psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy: How big of a problem is it?","volume":"98","author":"Salpekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775781","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.775781","article-title":"Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidity","volume":"12","author":"Vinti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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