{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T02:25:17Z","timestamp":1787192717694,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, is known to possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, the effects of Silibinin on the maturation and immunostimulatory functions of human dendritic cells (DC) remain to be elucidated. In this study, we have attempted to ascertain whether Silibinin influences the maturation, cytokine production, and antigen-presenting capacity of human monocyte-derived DC. We show that Silibinin significantly suppresses the upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules in LPS-stimulated mature DC and inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and TNF-\u03b1 production. Furthermore, Silibinin impairs the proliferation response of the allogenic memory CD4 T lymphocytes elicited by LPS-matured DC and their Th1\/Th17 profile. These findings demonstrate that Silibinin displays immunosuppressive activity by inhibiting the maturation and activation of human DC and support its potential application of adjuvant therapy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"10417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Are the Pharmacological Target of the Immunosuppressant Flavonoid Silibinin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Pagano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Fecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Pierdominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ortona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7852-2739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Peruzzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c04791","article-title":"Health Benefits of Silybum Marianum: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3207","article-title":"Milk Thistle in Liver Diseases: Past, Present, Future","volume":"24","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981353","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5981353","article-title":"Silibinin Ameliorates Formaldehyde-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress","volume":"2022","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. 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Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essa, S., Siddique, I., Saad, M., and Raghupathy, R. (2021). Modulation of Production of Th1\/Th2 Cytokines in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Neutrophils by Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Chronically Infected Patients. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111519"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01903","article-title":"The Natural Agonist of Estrogen Receptor \u03b2 Silibinin Plays an Immunosuppressive Role Representing a Potential Therapeutic Tool in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Dupuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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Immunol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10417\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:27:55Z","timestamp":1760142475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231810417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231810417","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}