{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:50:06Z","timestamp":1787986206850,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG05\/USIM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG05\/USIM\/03\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymers remain an integral part of denture fabrication materials, specifically polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). PMMA has been extensively used, particularly in construction as a denture base material. Nonetheless, various challenges, including microbial threats in the form of candidiasis occurrence, still remain a biological challenge to denture wearers. The present article comprehensively reviews the biomodifications introduced to denture components, in particular denture base material, to improve the overall biological properties, together with physical, mechanical, structural integrity, and optical properties. In addition, fundamental information specifically to PMMA as a conventional denture base material and the causative aetiological microbial agents for biological threat to dentures are explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:54:41Z","timestamp":1662699281000},"page":"10426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Modification of Polymer Based Dentures on Biological Properties: Current Update, Status, and Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Durratul Aqwa","family":"Mohd Farid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur A\u2019fifah Husna","family":"Zahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfahmi","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Ifwat Mohd","family":"Ghazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing and Advanced Renewable Technology Research Group, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Hao-Ern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syazwani","family":"Mohamad Zol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Aldhuwayhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Syafiq","family":"Alauddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601408010050","article-title":"Suppl 1: A Brief Historical Perspective on Dental Implants, Their Surface Coatings and Treatments","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Dent. 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