{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:18:46Z","timestamp":1792804726546,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Levecke Family Foundation through a donation to Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0282qcz50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a cerebral glial marker that labels ependymal cells and astrocytes\u2019 endfeet and is the main water channel responsible for the parenchymal fluid balance. However, in brain development, AQP4 is a marker of glial stem cells and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pediatric hydrocephalus. Gliogenesis characterization has been hampered by a lack of biomarkers for precursor and intermediate stages and a deeper understanding of hydrocephalus etiology is needed. This manuscript is a focused review of the current research landscape on AQP4 as a possible biomarker for gliogenesis and its influence in pediatric hydrocephalus, emphasizing reactive astrogliosis. The goal is to understand brain development under hydrocephalic and normal physiologic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:54:41Z","timestamp":1662699281000},"page":"10438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["AQP4, Astrogenesis, and Hydrocephalus: A New Neurological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, 1201 W, La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas Basicas, Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s\/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas Basicas, Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s\/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, 1201 W, La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas Basicas, Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s\/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ciencias de Puerto del Rosario, 35600 Puerto del Rosario, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Muhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department at CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22683","article-title":"The glia\/neuron ratio: How it varies uniformly across brain structures and species and what that means for brain physiology and evolution","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3956-16.2017","article-title":"Molecular and Functional Properties of Regional Astrocytes in the Adult Brain","volume":"37","author":"Morel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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