{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:54:27Z","timestamp":1783691667192,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center of Research and Development","award":["STRATEGMED2\/266776\/17\/NCBR\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED2\/266776\/17\/NCBR\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Celon Pharma S.A.","award":["STRATEGMED2\/266776\/17\/NCBR\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED2\/266776\/17\/NCBR\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are involved in several biological pathways and FGFR inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of squamous non-small cell lung cancer (Sq-NSCLC), FGFR aberrations are not well characterized in Sq-NSCLC. We comprehensively evaluated FGFR expression, fusions, and variants in 40 fresh-frozen primary Sq-NSCLC (stage IA3\u2013IV) samples and tumor-adjacent normal tissues using real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Protein expression of FGFR1\u20133 and amplification of FGFR1 were also analyzed. FGFR1 and FGFR4 median gene expression was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) decreased in tumors compared with normal tissue. Increased FGFR3 expression enhanced the recurrence risk (hazard ratio 4.72, p = 0.029), while high FGFR4 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.036). Enhanced FGFR1 gene expression was correlated with FGFR1 protein overexpression (r = 0.75, p = 0.0003), but not with FGFR1 amplification. NGS revealed known pathogenic FGFR2,3 variants, an FGFR3::TACC3 fusion, and a novel TACC1::FGFR1 fusion together with FGFR1,2 variants of uncertain significance not previously reported in Sq-NSCLC. These findings expand our knowledge of the Sq-NSCLC molecular background and show that combining different methods increases the rate of FGFR aberrations detection, which may improve patient selection for FGFRi treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T22:53:46Z","timestamp":1663023226000},"page":"10506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["FGFR1\u20134 RNA-Based Gene Alteration and Expression Analysis in Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1706-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Moes-Sosnowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Skupinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A, Research & Development Centre, 05-152 Kazun Nowy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Lechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Szczepulska-Wojcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Skronska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Rozy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Stepniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Langfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Rudzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Orlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delfina","family":"Popiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A, Research & Development Centre, 05-152 Kazun Nowy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stanczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Research & Development Centre, 05-152 Kazun Nowy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A, Research & Development Centre, 05-152 Kazun Nowy, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Research & Development Centre, 05-152 Kazun Nowy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1743-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Chorostowska-Wynimko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33588","article-title":"Cancer Statistics for the Year 2020: An Overview","volume":"149","author":"Ferlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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