{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:40:18Z","timestamp":1788273618427,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), like reactive oxygen species (ROS), are useful for sustaining reproductive processes such as cell signaling, the regulation of hormonal biosynthesis, sperm capacitation, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction. However, endogenous levels of RNS beyond physiological limits can impair fertility by disrupting testicular functions, reducing gonadotropin production, and compromising semen quality. Excessive RNS levels cause a variety of abnormalities in germ cells and gametes, particularly in the membranes and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and severely impair the maturation and fertilization processes. Cell fragmentation and developmental blockage, usually at the two-cell stage, are also connected with imbalanced redox status of the embryo during its early developmental stage. Since high RNS levels are closely linked to male infertility and conventional semen analyses are not reliable predictors of the assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes for such infertility cases, it is critical to develop novel ways of assessing and treating oxidative and\/or nitrosative stress-mediated male infertility. This review aims to explicate the physiological and pathological roles of RNS and their relationship with male reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T22:53:46Z","timestamp":1663023226000},"page":"10574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Reactive Nitrogen Species and Male Reproduction: Physiological and Pathological Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulagna","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), 173 Agaram Main Rd., Selaiyur, Chennai 600073, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1928-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallav","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), 173 Agaram Main Rd., Selaiyur, Chennai 600073, India"},{"name":"Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghamitra","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Slama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubhadeep","family":"Roychoudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1995.268.5.L699","article-title":"The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide","volume":"268","author":"Pryor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. 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