{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T06:51:05Z","timestamp":1762066265663,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An approximate number of 250 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus, making them susceptible to a coinfection with hepatitis D virus. The superinfection causes the most severe form of a viral hepatitis and thus drastically worsens the course of the disease. Until recently, the only available therapy consisted of interferon-\u03b1, only eligible for a minority of patients. In July 2020, the EMA granted Hepcludex conditional marketing authorization throughout the European Union. This first-in-class entry inhibitor offers the promise to prevent the spread in order to gain control and eventually participate in curing hepatitis B and D. Hepcludex is an example of how understanding the viral lifecycle can give rise to new therapy options. Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, the virus receptor and the target of Hepcludex, and other targets of hepatitis D therapy currently researched are reviewed in this work. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors such as Lonafarnib, targeting another essential molecule in the HDV life cycle, represent a promising target for hepatitis D therapy. Farnesyltransferase attaches a farnesyl (isoprenyl) group to proteins carrying a C-terminal Ca1a2X (C: cysteine, a: aliphatic amino acid, X: C-terminal amino acid) motif like the large hepatitis D virus antigen. This modification enables the interaction of the HBV\/HDV particle and the virus envelope proteins. Lonafarnib, which prevents this envelopment, has been tested in clinical trials. Targeting the lifecycle of the hepatitis B virus needs to be considered in hepatitis D therapy in order to cure a patient from both coexisting infections. Nucleic acid polymers target the hepatitis B lifecycle in a manner that is not yet understood. Understanding the possible targets of the hepatitis D virus therapy is inevitable for the improvement and development of a sufficient therapy that HDV patients are desperately in need of.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"10817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Medical Advances in Hepatitis D Therapy: Molecular Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Amelie","family":"Vogt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Wohlfart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1560-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Mier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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