{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:23:27Z","timestamp":1769628207390,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of wild ducks are known to be able to sporadically infect domestic birds and spread along poultry. Regular surveillance of AIV in the wild is needed to prepare for potential outbreaks. During long-year monitoring, 46 strains of AIV were isolated from gulls and mallards in Moscow ponds and completely sequenced. Amino acid positions that affect the pathogenicity of influenza viruses in different hosts were tested. The binding affinity of the virus for receptors analogs typical for different hosts and the pathogenicity of viruses for mice and chickens were investigated. Moscow isolates did not contain well-known markers of pathogenicity and\/or adaptation to mammals, so as a polybasic cleavage site in HA, substitutions of 226Q and 228G amino acids in the receptor-binding region of HA, and substitutions of 627E and 701D amino acids in the PB2. The PDZ-domain ligand in the NS protein of all studied viruses contains the ESEV or ESEI sequence. Although several viruses had the N66S substitution in the PB1-F2 protein, all Moscow isolates were apathogenic for both mice and chickens. This demonstrates that the phenotypic manifestation of pathogenicity factors is not absolute but depends on the genome context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"10829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular Characteristics, Receptor Specificity, and Pathogenicity of Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Wild Ducks in Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Boravleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Treshchalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Postnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1892-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gambaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Belyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Sadykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Prilipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Lomakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aydar","family":"Ishmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450410001724085","article-title":"Avian influenza: Recent developments","volume":"33","author":"Capua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vleeschauwer, A., Atanasova, K., Van Borm, S., van den Berg, T., Rasmussen, T.B., Uttenthal, A., and Van Reeth, K. 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