{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:00:48Z","timestamp":1778742048579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C1007203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C1007203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioactive compounds in some herbs can, directly and indirectly, protect against photoaging. We evaluated the effects of Gastrodia elata Blume (GE) and Poria cocos Wolf (PC) water extracts on ultraviolet (UV) B-induced skin lesions by acute UVB exposure in ICR mice and explored their mechanism of action. After removing the hair on the back of the mice, UVB (280\u2013310 nm) was exposed to the back for 30 min to induce skin damage. Four UVB exposure groups were divided into the following according to the local application (1,3-butanediol extract) on the dorsal skin and oral intake (0.3 g water extract\/kg body weight\/day): 1,3-butanediol and cellulose(control; UV-Con), retinoic acid (positive-control; UV-Positive), PC extracts (UV-PC), and GE extracts (UV-GE). The fifth group had no UVB exposure with the same treatment as the UV-Con (Normal-control). The erythema, burns, erosion, and wounds of the UV-PC and UV-PC groups were alleviated, and the most significant improvements occurred in the UV-PC group. PC and GE reduced the thickness of the dorsal skin tissue, the penetration of mast cells, and malondialdehyde contents. The mRNA expression of TNF-\u03b1, IL-13, and IL-4, inflammatory factors, were also reduced significantly in the dorsal skin of the UV-PC and UV-GE groups. UV-PC, UV-GE, and UV-Positive showed improvements in UV-induced intestinal tissue inflammation. UV-Con deteriorated the intestinal morphology, and PC and GE alleviated it. The \u03b1-diversity of the fecal microbiota decreased in the UV-control, and UV-PC and UV-GE prevented the decrease. Fecal metagenome analysis revealed increased propionate biosynthesis in the UV-PC group but decreased lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in the UV-PC and UV-GE groups compared to UV-Con. In conclusion, the local application and intake of PC and GE had significant therapeutic effects on acute UV-induced skin damage by reducing oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines, potentially promoting the gut-microbiota-gut-skin axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"10833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Beneficial Effect of Gastrodia elata Blume and Poria cocos Wolf Administration on Acute UVB Irradiation by Alleviating Inflammation through Promoting the Gut-Skin Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaokai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuangao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6092-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence System, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity\/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930164","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/930164","article-title":"Skin Photoaging and the Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention","volume":"2013","author":"Pandel","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.03.015","article-title":"Mechanisms of Broad-Band UVB Irradiation\u2014Induced Itch in Mice","volume":"141","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00235","article-title":"Sun Exposure and Melanoma, Certainties and Weaknesses of the Present Knowledge","volume":"5","author":"Arisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pessemier, B., Grine, L., Debaere, M., Maes, A., Paetzold, B., and Callewaert, C. (2021). Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020353"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667066","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.667066","article-title":"Unhealthy Lifestyle and Gut Dysbiosis: A Better Understanding of the Effects of Poor Diet and Nicotine on the Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"164","article-title":"Potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet radiation","volume":"5","author":"Khambholja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454936","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1454936","article-title":"Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging","volume":"2018","author":"Petruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"347164","article-title":"Identifying Chinese herbal medicine network for eczema: Implications from a nationwide prescription database","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.2853","article-title":"Aspirin for the primary prevention of skin cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2019.100003","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)\u2014Does its contemporary business booming and globalization really reconfirm its medical efficacy & safety?","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01002","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of Cyanidin-3- O-glucoside Enhances Protection Against UVB-Induced Epidermal Damage through Regulation of p53-Mediated Apoptosis in Mice","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M. (2022). Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020585"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309261","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/309261","article-title":"Neuropharmacological Potential of Gastrodia elata Blume and Its Components","volume":"2015","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X09006916","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of Gastrodia elata rhizome in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"37","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.010","article-title":"Biological activities and potential health benefits of polysaccharides from Poria cocos and their derivatives","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270823","article-title":"Chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Poria cocos","volume":"77","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2649-z","article-title":"Mitochondria in skin health, aging, and disease","volume":"11","author":"Sreedhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pangestuti, R., Shin, K.H., and Kim, S.K. (2021). Anti-Photoaging and Potential Skin Health Benefits of Seaweeds. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19030172"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myung, D.B., Han, H.S., Shin, J.S., Park, J.Y., Hwang, H.J., Kim, H.J., Ahn, H.S., Lee, S.H., and Lee, K.T. (2019). Hydrangenol Isolated from the Leaves of Hydrangea serrata Attenuates Wrinkle Formation and Repairs Skin Moisture in UVB-Irradiated Hairless Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102354"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1745044","article-title":"Skin exposure to sunlight: A factor modulating the human gut microbiome composition","volume":"11","author":"Conteville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, J.Y., Groer, M., Dutra, S.V.O., Sarkar, A., and McSkimming, D.I. (2020). Correction: Yoo, J.Y.; et al. Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions. Microorganisms, 8, Correction in Microorganisms 2020, 8, 2046.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8122046"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12145","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging","volume":"31","author":"Poon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2225-4110(16)30052-9","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs","volume":"1","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.728261","article-title":"Luteolin Prevents UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging Damage by Modulating SIRT3\/ROS\/MAPK Signaling: An in vitro and in vivo Studies","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.004","article-title":"Consumption of ellagic acid and dihydromyricetin synergistically protects against UV-B induced photoaging, possibly by activating both TGF-\u03b21 and wnt signaling pathways","volume":"178","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.064","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata","volume":"138","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.12.009","article-title":"Tian ma, an ancient Chinese herb, offers new options for the treatment of epilepsy and other conditions","volume":"8","author":"Ojemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29374","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29374","article-title":"Hypercalcemia is a frequent side effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid treatment in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma","volume":"69","author":"Hoemberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053219","article-title":"Can skin exposure to sunlight prevent liver inflammation?","volume":"7","author":"Gorman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9516427","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9516427","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Seawater Pearl Powder on UV-Induced Photoaging in Mouse Skin","volume":"2021","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019097118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2019097118","article-title":"Acute skin exposure to ultraviolet light triggers neutrophil-mediated kidney inflammation","volume":"118","author":"Tai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00306","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Growth, Behavior, Skin Condition, Physiology, and Immune Function in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)","volume":"7","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2944","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2944","article-title":"High genetic risk scores for impaired insulin secretory capacity doubles the risk for type 2 diabetes in Asians and is exacerbated by Western-type diets","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"293","article-title":"Effects of glutamine on exercise-induced fatigue, skeletal muscle oxidation and liver cell apoptosis in rats","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.136","article-title":"Gastrodia elata attenuates inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB pathway in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848570","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2848570","article-title":"Gastrodia elata Blume Rhizome Aqueous Extract Improves Arterial Thrombosis, Dyslipidemia, and Insulin Response in Testosterone-Deficient Rats","volume":"2017","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complem. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.J., Kim, M.J., Kwon, D.Y., Kim, D.S., Lee, Y.H., Kim, J.E., and Park, S. (2016). Anti-Diabetic Activities of Gastrodia elata Blume Water Extracts Are Mediated Mainly by Potentiating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Increasing \u03b2-Cell Mass in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Animals. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030161"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00024","article-title":"A Review on Central Nervous System Effects of Gastrodin","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00476-7","article-title":"Topical Probiotics in Dermatological Therapy and Skincare: A Concise Review","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, R., Kang, S.G., Huang, K., and Tong, T. (2021). Boosting the Photoaged Skin: The Potential Role of Dietary Components. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051691"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643089","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643089","article-title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Combined with Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 Reduces the Photoaging Damage in Murine Skin by Activating AMPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.08.007","article-title":"The role of tight junctions in skin barrier function and dermal absorption","volume":"242","author":"Bergmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119507","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of resveratrol and its oligomers to relieve psoriasiform lesions: In silico, in vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"585","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Goblet cells and their functions in the intestine","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02054","article-title":"Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning from Clinical and Experimental Studies","volume":"11","author":"Grondin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: The expected slimy partners?","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ottman, N.A. (2015). Host Immunostimulation and Substrate Utilization of the Gut Symbiont Akkermansia Muciniphila. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01294-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01294-18","article-title":"Drivers of Microbiome Biodiversity: A Review of General Rules, Feces, and Ignorance","volume":"9","author":"Reese","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2021.K.0032","article-title":"Combination of Bifidobacterium longum and Galacto-Oligosaccharide Protects the Skin from Photoaging","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.07.007","article-title":"Biological effects of propionic acid in humans; metabolism, potential applications and underlying mechanisms","volume":"1801","author":"Peppelenbosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.66.e38976","article-title":"Application of the Folin-Ciocalteu method to the evaluation of Salvia sclarea extracts","volume":"66","author":"Hudz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.106069","article-title":"Total phenolics and total flavonoids in selected Indian medicinal plants","volume":"74","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12441","article-title":"Endogenous Retinoic Acid Required to Maintain the Epidermis Following Ultraviolet Light Exposure in SKH-1 Hairless Mice","volume":"91","author":"Gressel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2294","article-title":"ATRA protects skin fibroblasts against UV-induced oxidative damage through inhibition of E3 ligase Hrd1","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2153","article-title":"Retinoic acid inhibits induction of c-Jun protein by ultraviolet radiation that occurs subsequent to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in human skin in vivo","volume":"101","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.-T., and Lim, J.-H. (2020). Development and Effect Analysis of UVB-LED General Lighting to Support Vitamin D Synthesis. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030889"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy121","article-title":"90th Anniversary Commentary: The AIN-93 Purified Diets for Laboratory Rodents-The Development of a Landmark Article in The Journal of Nutrition and Its Impact on Health and Disease Research Using Rodent Models","volume":"148","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"National Research Council, Board on Agriculture, Committee on Animal Nutrition, and Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition (1995). Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals: Fourth Revised Edition."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201400513","article-title":"Intake and sources of dietary fatty acids in Europe: Are current population intakes of fats aligned with dietary recommendations?","volume":"117","author":"Eilander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13384","article-title":"Evaluation of Acute Reactions on Mouse Skin Irradiated with 222 and 235 nm UV-C","volume":"97","author":"Yamano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Qiu, J., Wu, X., Huang, S., Yuan, H., and Park, S. (2020). Schizonepeta Tenuifolia with Alpinia Oxyphylla Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Improves the Gut Microbiome in Nc\/Nga Mice. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080722"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02382-2","article-title":"Chitosan alleviated menopausal symptoms and modulated the gut microbiota in estrogen-deficient rats","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:04Z","timestamp":1760142784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231810833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231810833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]}}}