{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:15:35Z","timestamp":1781878535744,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union funds","award":["01\/IMSD\/G\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/IMSD\/G\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union funds","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/002\/1198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/002\/1198"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["01\/IMSD\/G\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/IMSD\/G\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/002\/1198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/002\/1198"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synaptic loss and dysfunction are one of the earliest signs of neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to assess the relationships between biological processes of the synaptic pathology underlying AD, molecular functions, and dynamics of the change concentrations of selected proteins reflecting synaptic and axonal pathology in dementia stages. Neurogranin (Ng), neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR), and Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP1) concentrations were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MCI, AD, and non-demented controls (CTRL) using quantitative immunological methods. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was used for the functional analysis of tested proteins. The CSF A\u03b242\/Ng ratio was significantly different between all the compared groups. The CSF NPTXR\/Ng ratio was significantly different between MCI compared to CTRL and AD compared to CTRL. The GO enrichment analysis revealed that two terms (the Biological Process (BP) and Cellular Component (CC) levels) are significantly enriched for NPTXR and Ng but not for VILIP1. Both Ng and NPTXR concentrations in CSF are promising synaptic dysfunction biomarkers for the early diagnosis of the disease. Moreover, both proteins are biochemically associated with classical biomarkers and VILIP-1. Mapping shared molecular and biological functions for the tested proteins by GO enrichment analysis may be beneficial in screening and setting new research targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"10867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of Synaptic and Axonal Dysfunction Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on CSF and Bioinformatic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7149-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dulewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kulczy\u0144ska-Przybik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Borawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"S\u0142owik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03040-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for understanding multiple aspects of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Dhiman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. 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