{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:07:43Z","timestamp":1789499263537,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000654","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["812969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["812969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000654","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/00614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000654","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/00130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["812969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["812969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/00614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/00130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) diagnosis would be relevant in a generalized context. However, intercontinental investigation on these microbial biomarkers remains scarce. We examined taxonomic microbiome variations in IBD using published DNA shotgun metagenomic data. For this purpose, we used sequenced data from our previous Spanish Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) cohort, downloaded sequence data from a Chinese CD cohort, and downloaded taxonomic and functional profiling tables from a USA CD and UC cohort. At the global level, geographical location and disease phenotype were the main explanatory covariates of microbiome variations. In healthy controls (HC) and UC, geography turned out to be the most important factor, while disease intestinal location was the most important one in CD. Disease severity correlated with lower alpha-diversity in UC but not in CD. Across geography, alpha-diversity was significantly different independently of health status, except for CD. Despite recruitment from different countries and with different disease severity scores, CD patients may harbor a very similar microbial taxonomic profile. Our study pointed out that geographic location, disease activity status, and other environmental factors are important contributing factors in microbiota changes in IBD. We therefore strongly recommend taking these factors into consideration for future IBD studies to obtain globally valid and reproducible biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"10868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Intercontinental Gut Microbiome Variances in IBD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Mayorga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Lab, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Attention Unit, Digestive System Service, Hospital Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Serrano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Lab, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Lab, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Borruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Lab, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Attention Unit, Digestive System Service, Hospital Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaysavanh","family":"Manichanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Lab, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000481401","article-title":"Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Chronic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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