{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:28:54Z","timestamp":1791498534384,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1I1A1A01068463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01068463"]}]},{"name":"Gangneung-Wonju National University","award":["2020R1I1A1A01068463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01068463"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adipose tissue expansion is strongly associated with increased adipose macrophage infiltration and adipocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to obesity-associated low-grade inflammation. Individuals with vitamin D deficiency have an increased prevalence of obesity and increased circulating inflammatory cytokines. However, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on obesity-induced inflammation remains controversial. Male C57BL\/6J mice received a low-fat (10% fat) or high-fat (HF, 60% fat diet) containing 1000 IU vitamin D\/kg diet, or HF supplemented with 10,000 IU vitamin D\/kg diet for 16 weeks (n = 9\/group). Vitamin D supplementation did not decrease HF-increased body weight but attenuated obesity-induced adipose hypertrophy and macrophage recruitment as demonstrated by the number of crown-like structures. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the mRNA expression of CD11c, CD68, and iNOS, specific for inflammatory M1-like macrophages, and decreased serum levels of NO. In addition, significant reductions in pro-inflammatory gene expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF\u03b1 and mRNA levels of ASC-1, CASP1, and IL-1\u03b2 involved in NLRP3 inflammasome were found in obese mice supplemented with vitamin D. Vitamin D supplementation significantly increased obesity-decreased AMPK activity and suppressed HF-increased NF-\u03baB phosphorylation in adipose tissue from obese mice. These observed beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on adipose tissue expansion, macrophage recruitment, and inflammation might be related to AMPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"10915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Adipose Tissue Inflammation and NF-\u03baB\/AMPK Activation in Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si 25457, Gangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06902","article-title":"Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans","volume":"453","author":"Spalding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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