{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:59:41Z","timestamp":1791529181968,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323530_183985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323530_183985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_185003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_185003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Zurich via the Clinical Research Priority Project Precision-MS","award":["323530_183985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323530_183985"]}]},{"name":"University of Zurich via the Clinical Research Priority Project Precision-MS","award":["32003B_185003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_185003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a highly efficient treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), and hence it likely normalizes pathological and\/or enhances beneficial processes in MS. The disease pathomechanisms include neuroinflammation, glial cell activation and neuronal damage. We studied biomarkers that in part reflect these, like markers for neuroinflammation (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 9, CXCL10, CXCL13, and chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1)), glial perturbations (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and in part CHI3L1), and neurodegeneration (neurofilament light chain (NfL)) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and single-molecule array assay (SIMOA) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 32 MS patients that underwent aHSCT. We sampled before and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after aHSCT for serum, as well as before and 24 months after aHSCT for CSF. We found a strong increase of serum CXCL10, NfL and GFAP one month after the transplantation, which normalized one and two years post-aHSCT. CXCL10 was particularly increased in patients that experienced reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, but not those with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation. Furthermore, patients with CMV reactivation showed increased Th1 phenotype in effector memory CD4+ T cells. Changes of the other serum markers were more subtle with a trend for an increase in serum CXCL9 early post-aHSCT. In CSF, GFAP levels were increased 24 months after aHSCT, which may indicate sustained astroglia activation 24 months post-aHSCT. Other CSF markers remained largely stable. We conclude that MS-related biomarkers indicate neurotoxicity early after aHSCT that normalizes after one year while astrocyte activation appears increased beyond that, and increased serum CXCL10 likely does not reflect inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) but rather occurs in the context of CMV reactivation or other infections post-aHSCT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T21:47:27Z","timestamp":1663624047000},"page":"10946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Dynamics of Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Biomarkers after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefine","family":"Ruder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna","family":"Dinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Maceski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Berenjeno-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4420-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia Maria","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3090-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilijas","family":"Jelcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kuhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579739","article-title":"Immunology of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Sospedra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10251","article-title":"Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"476","author":"Sawcer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Belbasis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","article-title":"Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101427","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis gut microbiota: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Mirza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.011","article-title":"Memory B Cells Activate Brain-Homing, Autoreactive CD4(+) T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Jelcic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","article-title":"HLA-DR15 Molecules Jointly Shape an Autoreactive T Cell Repertoire in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115707","article-title":"Immunology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Sospedra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072397","article-title":"EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2","volume":"205","author":"Jelcic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat4301","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4301","article-title":"GDP-l-fucose synthase is a CD4(+) T cell-specific autoantigen in DRB3*02, 02 patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Planas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Medicine."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260668","article-title":"T cell immunity. Functional heterogeneity of human memory CD4\u207a T cell clones primed by pathogens or vaccines","volume":"347","author":"Becattini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287ra74","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa8038","article-title":"Functional inflammatory profiles distinguish myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1651","article-title":"Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kebir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.01.007","article-title":"The CD4-Th1 model for multiple sclerosis: A critical [correction of crucial] re-appraisal","volume":"25","author":"Lassmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-500","article-title":"Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Lock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.7.1097","article-title":"Treatment of multiple sclerosis with gamma interferon: Exacerbations associated with activation of the immune system","volume":"37","author":"Panitch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy069","article-title":"T helper 17.1 cells associate with multiple sclerosis disease activity: Perspectives for early intervention","volume":"141","author":"Janssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070690","article-title":"Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis","volume":"172","author":"Tzartos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25119","article-title":"B-cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Entering an era","volume":"83","author":"Greenfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.021","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy","volume":"97","author":"Kaskow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70233-3","article-title":"Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Comabella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0486-7","article-title":"Blood Biomarkers as Outcome Measures in Inflammatory Neurologic Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Khoury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912839117","article-title":"Inflammation-related plasma and CSF biomarkers for multiple sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.81","article-title":"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Muraro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a029082","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029082","article-title":"Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Rush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071301","article-title":"Autologous stem cell transplantation for progressive multiple sclerosis: Update of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation autoimmune diseases working party database","volume":"12","author":"Saccardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18743","article-title":"Effect of Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation vs Continued Disease-Modifying Therapy on Disease Progression in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"321","author":"Burt","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00009-6","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain for individual prognostication of disease activity in people with multiple sclerosis: A retrospective modelling and validation study","volume":"21","author":"Benkert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142988.49341.D1","article-title":"Neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Norgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf165","article-title":"Markers for different glial cell responses in multiple sclerosis: Clinical and pathological correlations","volume":"125","author":"Petzold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5863-2","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: A potential biomarker for progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"258","author":"Axelsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514549397","article-title":"Glial and neuronal markers in cerebrospinal fluid predict progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Olsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33158-8","article-title":"Serum GFAP as a biomarker for disease severity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518819380","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein correlates with multiple sclerosis disease severity","volume":"26","author":"Rissanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-34","article-title":"In vivo CHI3L1 (YKL-40) expression in astrocytes in acute and chronic neurological diseases","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514561906","article-title":"Chitinase 3-like proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Hinsinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a029058","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029058","article-title":"Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1674-2","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Ziemssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv017","article-title":"Chitinase 3-like 1: Prognostic biomarker in clinically isolated syndromes","volume":"138","author":"Villar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq035","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid chitinase 3-like 1 levels are associated with conversion to multiple sclerosis","volume":"133","author":"Comabella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511433063","article-title":"Chitinase 3-like 1 plasma levels are increased in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Reverter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515574148","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of chitinase 3-like 1 and neurofilament light chain predict multiple sclerosis development and disability after optic neuritis","volume":"21","author":"Modvig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1130","article-title":"Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system","volume":"3","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c5b457","article-title":"Increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the chemokine CXCL13 in active MS","volume":"73","author":"Sellebjerg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510389102","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 in multiple sclerosis: A suggestive prognostic marker for the disease course","volume":"17","author":"Khademi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511398887","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: BAFF and CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"17","author":"Ragheb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25786","article-title":"The CSF Profile Linked to Cortical Damage Predicts Multiple Sclerosis Activity","volume":"88","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brettschneider, J., Czerwoniak, A., Senel, M., Fang, L., Kassubek, J., Pinkhardt, E., Lauda, F., Kapfer, T., Jesse, S., and Lehmensiek, V. (2010). The chemokine CXCL13 is a prognostic marker in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011986"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509107017","article-title":"Serum levels of CXCL13 are elevated in active multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Festa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659206","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/659206","article-title":"Chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2014","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00097-8","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: A study of CXCL10 and CXCR3 co-localization in the inflamed central nervous system","volume":"127","author":"Trebst","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.1.129","article-title":"Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s","volume":"187","author":"Bonecchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000357780","article-title":"The biological functions, structure and sources of CXCL10 and its outstanding part in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Vazirinejad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0044","article-title":"Role of chemokines in endocrine autoimmune diseases","volume":"28","author":"Rotondi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.794077","article-title":"NK Cells and Innate-Like T Cells After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Ruder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.9.705","article-title":"Human IP-10 selectively promotes dominance of polyclonally activated and environmental antigen-driven IFN-gamma over IL-4 responses","volume":"12","author":"Gangur","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz047","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Clinical Significance in Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Mehra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0145","article-title":"Neuronal and glial CSF biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Momtazmanesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519863983","article-title":"Intrathecal immunoglobulins and neurofilament light after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820256","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.820256","article-title":"Intermediate-Intensity Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Reduces Serum Neurofilament Light Chains and Brain Atrophy in Aggressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Mariottini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e598","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000598","article-title":"High serum neurofilament light chain normalizes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MS","volume":"6","author":"Thebault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22169","article-title":"Evidence for acute neurotoxicity after chemotherapy","volume":"68","author":"Petzold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517715811","article-title":"Impact of immunoablation and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on gray and white matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0644","article-title":"A three-year study of brain atrophy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in rapidly evolving secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Rocca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520902392","article-title":"Impact of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation on disability and brain atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Mariottini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Ruder Josefine, F.S. (2022). Immune Reconstitution after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2019.09.010","article-title":"Profound but Transient Changes in the Inflammatory Milieu of the Blood during Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Wiberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03404.x","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection in lung transplant recipients triggers a CXCL-10 response","volume":"11","author":"Weseslindtner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283521066","article-title":"Update on viral infections in lung transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Uhlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111337","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex type 1 infections and immunological profile of community-dwelling older adults","volume":"149","author":"Noronha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.06.017","article-title":"Corneal endothelial cells activate innate and acquired arm of anti-viral responses after cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"161","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2261-0","article-title":"Effect of cytomegalovirus reactivation on the time course of systemic host response biomarkers in previously immunocompetent critically ill patients with sepsis: A matched cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Nierkens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis186","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy with maternofetal transmission induces a proinflammatory cytokine bias in placenta and amniotic fluid","volume":"205","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.52547\/rbmb.10.2.216","article-title":"Association of IL-15 and IP-10 Serum Levels with Cytomegalovirus Infection, CMV Viral Load and Cyclosporine Level after Kidney Transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001931","article-title":"Urinary CXCL10 Chemokine Is Associated With Alloimmune and Virus Compartment-Specific Renal Allograft Inflammation","volume":"102","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.5.1373.1373","article-title":"Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cytomegalovirus after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Pattern of recovery and correlation with cytomegalovirus infection and disease","volume":"78","author":"Reusser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-01-0182","article-title":"Expansion of CMV-specific CD8+CD45RA+CD27- T cells in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"102","author":"Mackus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2004.02.012","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cellular immune responses","volume":"65","author":"Harari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4502-4515.2003","article-title":"CXCL10 production from cytomegalovirus-stimulated microglia is regulated by both human and viral interleukin-10","volume":"77","author":"Cheeran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00011-12","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-induced effector T cells cause endothelial cell damage","volume":"19","author":"Yong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513494489","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is negatively associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:34:17Z","timestamp":1760142857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/18\/10946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231810946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231810946","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]}}}