{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T15:03:35Z","timestamp":1793286215965,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an important advancement in the field of cancer treatment, significantly improving the survival of patients with a series of advanced malignancies, like melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and Hodgkin lymphoma. ICIs act upon T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), breaking the immune tolerance of the T cells against malignant cells and enhancing the body\u2019s own immune response. A variety of cardiac-adverse effects are associated with ICI-based treatment, including pericarditis, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and acute coronary syndrome, with myocarditis being the most studied due to its often-unexpected onset and severity. Overall, Myocarditis is rare but presents an immune-related adverse event (irAE) that has a high fatality rate. Considering the rising number of oncological patients treated with ICIs and the severity of their potential adverse effects, a good understanding and continuous investigation of cardiac irAEs is of the utmost importance. This systematic review aimed to revise recent publications (between 2016\u20132022) on ICI-induced cardiac toxicities and highlight the therapeutical approach and evolution in the selected cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T21:47:27Z","timestamp":1663624047000},"page":"10948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Cardiac Toxicity Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Cozma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolae Dan","family":"Sporis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8428-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrada Luciana","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Buruiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Maria","family":"Ganea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toma Vlad","family":"Malinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Mihaela","family":"Berechet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1124-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disease, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela Viviana","family":"Sitar-Taut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile Calin","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Negrean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga Hilda","family":"Orasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.4358","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Postow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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