{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:53:24Z","timestamp":1780570404497,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03ZZ0806C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03ZZ0806C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculous granulomas are highly dynamic structures reflecting the complex host\u2013mycobacterium interactions. The objective of this study was to compare granuloma development at the site of vaccination with BCG and its recombinant derivatives in goats. To characterize the host response, epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells (MNGC), T cell subsets, B cells, plasma cells, dendritic cells and mycobacterial antigen were labelled by immunohistochemistry, and lipids and acid-fast bacteria (AFB) were labelled by specific staining. Granulomas with central caseous necrosis developed at the injection site of most goats though lesion size and extent of necrosis differed between vaccine strains. CD4+ T and B cells were more scarce and CD8+ cells were more numerous in granulomas induced by recombinant derivatives compared to their parental BCG strain. Further, the numbers of MNGCs and cells with lipid bodies were markedly lower in groups administered with recombinant BCG strains. Microscopic detection of AFB and mycobacterial antigen was rather frequent in the area of central necrosis, however, the isolation of bacteria in culture was rarely successful. In summary, BCG and its recombinant derivatives induced reproducibly subcutaneous caseous granulomas in goats that can be easily monitored and surgically removed for further studies. The granulomas reflected the genetic modifications of the recombinant BCG-derivatives and are therefore suitable models to compare reactions to different mycobacteria or TB vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231910992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T22:36:44Z","timestamp":1663713404000},"page":"10992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vaccine-Induced Subcutaneous Granulomas in Goats Reflect Differences in Host\u2013Mycobacterium Interactions between BCG- and Recombinant BCG-Derivative Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth M.","family":"Liebler-Tenorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Heyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Wedlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Figl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopinath","family":"Krishnamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie E.","family":"Nieuwenhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leander","family":"Grode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vakzine Projekt Management GmbH, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9866-8268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan H. E.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Menge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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