{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:30:52Z","timestamp":1787236252331,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["2021\/05\/X\/ST8\/00298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05\/X\/ST8\/00298"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The work presents the effect of annealing on the change of polycrystalline \u03b1 and \u03b2 phases of copper and nickel phthalocyanines. We have found that this process has a great influence on the optical properties of the vapor-deposited layers. The performed measurements showed that for various forms of MPc, the values of the refractive index and the extinction coefficient increased, and consequently, so did the absorption coefficient. The AFM images taken showed that the values before and after heating are morphologically different. Raman measurements showed that the band at about 1526 cm\u22121 (B1g symmetry) has higher intensity for the \u03b1 form than for the \u03b2 form. The intensity of this band is related to changing the form of phthalocyanine from \u03b1 to \u03b2. Our measurements have shown that by changing the annealing temperature of the layers, we change their optical properties. As a consequence, we change their optoelectronic parameters, adjusting them to the requirements of new optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, sensors, displays and OLEDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1663811226000},"page":"11055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Influence of Heat Treatment on Surface, Structural and Optical Properties of Nickel and Copper Phthalocyanines Thin Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Popielarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich Str. 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Mosi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich Str. 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9416-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Skowronski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Szczesny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Fig\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d\u2019Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieczyslaw","family":"Naparty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Derkowska-Zielinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0501590","article-title":"Introduction:\u2009 Organic Electronics and Optoelectronics","volume":"107","author":"Forrest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19930051217","article-title":"Phthalocyanines: Properties and applications. Edited by C. C. Leznoff and A. B. P. Lever, VCH, Weinheim. Volume 1, 1989, 436 pp., ISBN 3-527-26955-X; Volume 2, 1993, 305 pp., DM 268, ISBN 3-527-89544-2","volume":"5","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.04.022","article-title":"Photovoltaic cells with various azo dyes as components of the active layer","volume":"203","author":"Gondek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA14321C","article-title":"Perovskite Solar Cell with Low Cost Cu-Phthalocyanine as Hole Transporting Material","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.133.101","article-title":"Influence of fractional electromagnetic radiation doses on biosensor matrix component stability","volume":"133","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.135.375","article-title":"Analysis of Stability in Enzyme Biosensor Based on Michaelis-Menten Model with Time Delays","volume":"135","author":"Martsenyuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(03)00950-3","article-title":"Organic light emitting devices based on exciplex interaction from blends of charge transport molecules","volume":"375","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.01.042","article-title":"Electrical characteristics of an organic thin copolymer\/pSi Schottky barrier diode","volume":"518","author":"Sonmezoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2010.02.001","article-title":"Electrical and interface state density properties of polyaniline-poly-3-methyl thiophene blend\/p-Si Schottky barrier diode","volume":"12","author":"Sonmezoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, D., Chen, Q., Tang, X., Tang, F., Gan, F., Shen, S., Liu, K., and Xu, H. (1996, January 22\u201326). Optical recording performance of phthalocyanine thin films. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Optical Storage (ISOS 96), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.248689"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-0248(00)00022-2","article-title":"Controlled p-doping of pigment layers by cosublimation: Basic mechanisms and implications for their use in organic photovoltaic cells","volume":"63","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/s20500185","article-title":"Conducting Polymers Functionalized with Phthalocyanine as Nitrogen Dioxide Sensors","volume":"2","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JTAN.0000033212.93809.e1","article-title":"The influence of radio-frequency radiation on thermal stability of bovine serum albumin in aqueous solution","volume":"77","author":"Michnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.109343","article-title":"Persistent photoconductivity in ZnO thin films grown on Si substrate by spin coating method","volume":"97","author":"Popielarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"649","article-title":"Effect of annealing and \u03b3 irradiation on tin phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"25","author":"Regimol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2003003","article-title":"Structural and transport properties of evaporated iron phthalocyanine (FePc) thin films","volume":"21","author":"Soliman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2006135","article-title":"Structural and electrical properties of thermally evaporated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) thin films","volume":"37","author":"Soliman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J.-Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(99)00951-7","article-title":"Dark and photoelectric conversion properties of p-MgPc\/n-Si (Organic\/Inorganic) heterojunction cells","volume":"370","author":"Riad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1739(02)00243-2","article-title":"Investigation of electrical properties (ac and dc) of organic zinc phthalocyanine, ZnPc, semiconductor thin films","volume":"3","author":"Saleh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2013.08.002","article-title":"Investigation of structural and optoelectronic properties of annealed nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"17","author":"Neghabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.12.085","article-title":"Admittance spectroscopy of CuPC-Si and CoPC-Si heterostructures","volume":"104","author":"Popielarski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6028(96)01179-X","article-title":"Thin and ultra-thin films of nickel phthalocyanine grown on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite: An XPS, UHV-AFM and air tapping-mode AFM study","volume":"373","author":"Ottaviano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475707","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/47\/475707","article-title":"Copper phthalocyanine molecules on an InSb(001) c(8 \u00d7 2) surface studied by ultra-high-vacuum STM and non-contact AFM","volume":"18","author":"Tekiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114485","article-title":"Growth and electrochemical stability of a layer-by-layer thin film containing tetrasulfonated Fe phthalocyanine","volume":"877","author":"Davia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brozek-Pluska, B., Jarota, A., Kania, R., and Abramczyk, H. (2020). Zinc Phthalocyanine Photochemistry by Raman Imaging, Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Femtosecond Spectroscopy in Normal and Cancerous Human Colon Tissues and Single Cells. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112688"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2004.01.053","article-title":"High temperature study of FT-IR and Raman scattering spectra of vacuum deposited CuPc thin films","volume":"704","author":"Szybowicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/7\/9\/004","article-title":"Stationary and modulated absorption spectroscopy of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) layers grown on transparent substrate","volume":"7","author":"Derkowska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2005.04.012","article-title":"Investigation of optical transition energy in copper phthalocyanine by transmission, reflection and photoreflectance spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Derkowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1039\/b007763l","article-title":"Phthalocyanines: Structure and vibrations","volume":"3","author":"Tackley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"J.A. Woollam Company (2010). Guide to Using WVASE32\u00ae, J.A. Woollam Company."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, H. (2007). Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470060193"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9780","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1367374","article-title":"Electronic structure and bonding in metal phthalocyanines, Metal = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg","volume":"114","author":"Liao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1080\/15421400801926040","article-title":"Optical Properties of Vacuum Sublimed Cobalt Phthalocyanine (CoPc) Thin Layers","volume":"485","author":"Derkowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2007.01.067","article-title":"Influence of the central metal atom on the nonlinear optical properties of MPcs solutions and thin films","volume":"274","author":"Derkowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2006.03.011","article-title":"Optical absorption studies of copper phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"39","author":"Farag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2004.08.016","article-title":"Dispersion studies and electronic transitions in nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"37","author":"Farag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5408(01)00484-6","article-title":"Optical properties of phthalocyanine molecules in cyano acrylate polymer matrix","volume":"36","author":"Kumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2007.02.023","article-title":"The temperature dependence of photoluminescence and absorption spectra of vacuum-sublimed magnesium phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"30","author":"Derkowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-012-0503-4","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of nanostructured nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc\/C) for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakamoto, K. (2018). Cyclic voltammetry of phthalocyanines. Voltammetry, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.81392"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(97)80781-3","article-title":"Electrochemical and optical studies of PPV derivatives and poly(aromatic oxadiazoles)","volume":"84","author":"Cernini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolom\u00e9, J., Luis, F., and Fern\u00e1ndez, J.F. (2014). Magnetism of metal phthalocyanines. Molecular Magnets: Physics and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40609-6"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(91)90244-R","article-title":"Organic-thin-film-induced molecular epitaxy from the vapor phase","volume":"197","author":"Debe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.21608\/ejs.2002.150486","article-title":"Structural and transport properties of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films","volume":"25","author":"Bahabri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Sol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.11.024","article-title":"Gas sensing characteristics of copper phthalocyanine films: Effects of film thickness and sensing temperature","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2005.05.005","article-title":"Substrate temperature effects on structural orientations and optical properties of ZincPthalocyanine (ZnPc) thin films","volume":"122","author":"Senthilarasu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"182","article-title":"Structural, morphological and photoluminescent properties of annealed ZnO thin layers obtained by the rapid sol-gel spin-coating method","volume":"28","author":"Sypniewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/19\/11055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:36:13Z","timestamp":1760142973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/19\/11055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231911055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]}}}