{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:40:13Z","timestamp":1760244013970,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU 6th Frame Work Program \u201cBetaCellTherapy\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU 512145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 512145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation","award":["EU 512145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 512145"]}]},{"name":"Danish Research Council for Health Sciences","award":["EU 512145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 512145"]}]},{"name":"Danish Research Council for Strategic Research","award":["EU 512145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 512145"]}]},{"name":"Aase and Ejnar Danielsens Fund","award":["EU 512145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 512145"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation to LTD","award":["EU 512145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU 512145"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In rats, the time of birth is characterized by a transient rise in beta cell replication, as well as beta cell neogenesis and the functional maturation of the endocrine pancreas. However, the knowledge of the gene expression during this period of beta cell expansion is incomplete. The aim was to characterize the perinatal rat pancreas transcriptome and to identify regulatory pathways differentially regulated at the whole organ level in the offspring of mothers fed a regular control diet (CO) and of mothers fed a low-protein diet (LP). We performed mRNA expression profiling via the microarray analysis of total rat pancreas samples at embryonic day (E) 20 and postnatal days (P) 0 and 2. In the CO group, pancreas metabolic pathways related to sterol and lipid metabolism were highly enriched, whereas the LP diet induced changes in transcripts involved in RNA transcription and gene regulation, as well as cell migration and apoptosis. Moreover, a number of individual transcripts were markedly upregulated at P0 in the CO pancreas: growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6), legumain (Lgmn), Ets variant gene 5 (Etv5), alpha-fetoprotein (Afp), dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6), and angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4). The LP diet induced the downregulation of a large number of transcripts, including neurogenin 3 (Neurog3), Etv5, Gas6, Dusp6, signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), growth hormone receptor (Ghr), prolactin receptor (Prlr), and Gas6 receptor (AXL receptor tyrosine kinase; Axl), whereas upregulated transcripts were related to inflammatory responses and cell motility. We identified differentially regulated genes and transcriptional networks in the perinatal pancreas. These data revealed marked adaptations of exocrine and endocrine in the pancreas to the low-protein diet, and the data can contribute to identifying novel regulators of beta cell mass expansion and functional maturation and may provide a valuable tool in the generation of fully functional beta cells from stem cells to be used in replacement therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1663811226000},"page":"11057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fetal Programming of the Endocrine Pancreas: Impact of a Maternal Low-Protein Diet on Gene Expression in the Perinatal Rat Pancreas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Winkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise T.","family":"Dalgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens H.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2014","article-title":"Gene-Environment Interactions Controlling Energy and Glucose Homeostasis and the Developmental Origins of Obesity","volume":"95","author":"Bouret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. 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